seawater corrosion resistant materials

This is not only to protect the fittings but also to achieve optimum biofouling resistance of the copper-nickel, as will be discussed later. Sheathing offshore in copper-nickel is applied either for splash zone corrosion protection or biofouling and splash zone protection on legs and/or risers(25). Resistance to intergranular corrosion due to being stabilized with titanium Suitability for sour gas applications (NACE MR0175/ISO 15156) Note: Once the corrosion product film is fully formed (2 to 4 weeks), somewhat higher velocities can be tolerated for short periods not exceeding 15% of total operating time. Naval Architects and Marine Engineers Journal, Controlling Biofouling on Ferry Hulls with Copper Nickel, Boulton, L. H., C. A. Powell, and W. B. Hudson, DSTO General Document DSTO-GD-0287. Open inspection photo after a period of time, Field test with actual liquids: Kusastsu Hot Springs, Main elements ASTM G48, Standard Test Methods for Pitting and Crevice Corrosion Resistance of Stainless Steels and Related Alloys by Use of Ferric Chloride Solution. Not N-961, NITS Document No. For pipeline systems, higher maximum design seawater velocities of 3.5m/s for 90-10 copper-nickel and 4m/s for 70-30 alloy can safely be used for pipes 100mm in diameter and larger, as described in British Standard BS MA18.(10). Alloy C44300, Admiralty, was in the group characterized by a decreasing corrosion rate with time. Being attracted to a magnet, it can be easily located or sorted using the This form of corrosion is quite common in grades 304 and 316 in wet diesel exhausts above 60C. (alkali cleaning tower), H City Environmental Affairs Bureau D One product, which has been successfully used for splash zone protection of structural legs, cross bracings and riser pipes, involves discrete granules of copper-nickel, 1mm diameter and 1mm long bonded into the surface layer of 3mm thick neoprene sheet. Coating Additive. Sand loadings of less than 200ppm rarely damage good protective films on copper-nickel alloys. The principal constituents of water that affect the performance of copper alloys are dissolved oxygen, nutrients, bacteria, biofouling, organisms, sediment, trash, debris, and residual chlorine from the chlorination practice. stainless steel. In terms of the chemistry, corrosion is the result of metals being oxidised. The elemental makeup includes around 18% chromium and 8% nickel depending on the grade. Flush, drain, and blow dry for extended standby. The legs were cathodically protected which allowed fouling of the 90-10 copper-nickel(25). The results of these different testing methods, while useful for ranking alloys, are difficult to apply directly to pumps, propellers, and piping. Austenitic, ferritic, and duplex stainless steels containing a minimum of 25% Cr-5% Mo, 27% Cr-3.4% Mo and 25% Cr-3.2% Mo, respectively, were resistant to crevice corrosion in 25 C seawater. CORROSION RESISTANCE of DIFFERENT MATERIALS COMPOUND IRON AND STEEL CAST IRON NI RESIST 300 SERIES STAINLESS MONEL INCONEL INCOLOY . In the latter situation, ammonia concentrations may reach high levels in the air removal sections of condensers. High corrosion resistant and particularly seawater resistant stainless steel. Materials listed inside may not available in all product forms, it is responsibility of engineers to design fit for purpose solution. cause only a minimal rise in erosion rate. Most ships in service have operated successfully without any ferrous sulfate dosing. If hydrotesting must be done in polluted waters, it should be scheduled as late in construction and outfitting as possible. 2, Exhaust gas: 260 deg C, HCl, SO3 especially Chlorides found in seawater, pool water and de-icing salts. Treatment Plant, Human-waste treatment plant deodorization unit - Alkali cleaning tower, Liquid: 20 deg C, NaClO 12% + NaOH 25%, PH 8-9. These can be: inherent to the project of the component (for example: flanges or seals) pitting corrosion, crevice corrosion occurs more often than pitting corrosion Nickel alloys also do well, and there may be other less-common metals that will work well too (such as gold, but I'm guessing your budget won't permit its use). By altering the pigment of the polyester gel for numbers and letters, identification can be readily seen. is possible. The level of corrosion resistance can be improved by adding molybdenum, titanium, nickel, or copper to the alloy. Copper-nickel alloys are not susceptible to chloride or sulfide stress corrosion cracking or hydrogen embrittlement, and unlike brasses have not been found to suffer cracking due to ammonia in seawater service. Architecural Manufacturers & Distributors, Architectural Installation Contractors Database, UNS Standard Designation for Wrought and Cast Copper, ASTM Standard Designation for Wrought and Cast Copper and Copper Alloys, European Numbering System for Non-Ferrous Metals, The U.S. Copper Industry: Critical to Keeping the U.S. 396, Experience with Copper Alloy Tubing, Waterboxes and Piping in MSF Desalination Plants. It contains 18% chromium but has more nickel than 304 and adds 2-3% molybdenum. The bonding system acts as an insulator, and as a barrier to seawater which further protects the hull from the detrimental actions of seawater. However, the 70-30 copper-nickel alloy displays lower corrosion in ammonia than the 90-10 alloy and the rates of both are lower than in those observed in other copper based alloys(8). and Powell, C.A. While stainless steel grades 304, 316 and duplex steels can all be used in marine applications, they do provide varying degrees of corrosion resistance and durability. composition, Positive Commercially pure titanium has been shown to be resistant to erosion in velocities up to 131 ft/sec (40 m/sec) even with 15 g/l of sand particles present. Metals - Corrosion Resistance to Aggresive Fluids Common metals and their corrosion resistance to aggressive fluids like acids, bases and more. Overview of Corrosion-Resistant Materials. The welded seams of the copper-nickel sheets were in good condition too. Twelve large 90-10 copper-nickel panels were divided into sets of three such that exposure covered fully submerged, alternate wet/dry and splash zone conditions. Conf. Corrosion Resistant Alloys. The observations did not identify any unfouled areas directly adjacent to copper-nickel boundaries which would indicate a copper ion release mechanism. It provides an assessment of the corrosion resisting characteristics and also the inherent biofouling resistance of the alloys with the aim of learning from past experiences and ensuring good commissioning and operational practices for future use. Four basic types of metals fall into this category: Stainless steel. For a long time, people have often selected titanium and copper-nickel alloys as seawater corrosion-resistant materials. Q355NH seawater corrosion resistant steel material, Q345D seamless pipe is low-alloy high-strength structural steel. The latter has also been observed by divers in the Morecambe Field when cleaning legs which have been sheathed with 90-10 copper-nickel for splash zone corrosion protection. Excellent corrosion resistance to general chemical liquids. In comparison, the roughness of the copper-nickel rudder after 14 months on the Great Land was consistently lower than 20m, compared with the painted steel hull which averaged 210m. In addition, test programmes involving trials on immersed test panels, commenced over the same time (1993-1999) in Auckland Harbour, Singapore, and Langstone Harbour, UK. It is named as low-alloy because of a . Again, prevention requires avoidance of slow flow and dead areas; dosing the cooling water with ferrous ions is also advantageous(9). The film can be brown, greenish brown or brownish black. Ata M. Hassan and A.U. (101 mm) and larger with long radius bends and 8 in. Seawater velocity also had a substantial effect on the degree of fouling resistance of the copper-nickel foil. Titanium provides more protection than stainless steel because it has a greater af nity for oxygen Such cleaning is often scheduled at 2-6 month intervals and accomplished by water flushing or cleaning with non-metallic brushes. material selection for erosion-corrosion resistance applications are generally based on systems of aluminum, copper, zinc, and nickel due to their relative cheapness or costlier ones, such as cobalt-based alloys such as stellite, ni-based alloys, viz., inconel, hard metals, or cermets such as sintered wc and coatings of these systems on cheaper The initial film forms fairly quickly over the first couple of days but takes 2-3 months to fully mature(4). Experience has shown that these high flow rates are acceptable for the short term practices used in such applications. This review describes the behaviour of the 90-10 and 70-30 copper-nickel alloys, which were developed for and have been used extensively in seawater applications for over half a century. A404, Marine Technology Society, Washington, DC, 1965. Another very common corrosion-resistant material is an aluminium bronze, which has excellent corrosion resistance especially in seawater and similar environments, where the alloys often outperform many . 2nd Int. Many things affect the salinity including evaporation (increasing saline levels), precipitation (decreasing), and dilution (decreasing). Copper-nickel alloys were developed specifically for seawater service over five decades ago, initially for condensers and piping systems. Once, however, the velocity for a given geometry exceeds a critical value, at which shear stresses are sufficiently high to strip off the protective corrosion film, damage in the form of impingement attack may occur. Although stainless steels are often chosen because of their resistance to . The mechanism is a metal ion concentration cell type(6) and is different to that occurring in stainless steels as any corrosion occurs outside the crevice. Corrosion fatigue strength (CFS) is commonly defined as the fatigue strength at 108 cycles at zero mean stress. The 90-10 and 70-30 alloys, however, are readily welded by most common methods (1). Currently, the longest known exposure for the markers is 15 years. A4 Stainless Steel is known as marine grade stainless steel due to its exceptional corrosion resistant nature in salt water and is often found in constructions around water. The resulting corrosion occurs adjacent to the crevice, and tends to be shallow in nature. G. A. Gehring, Jr., J. R. Mauer, CORROSION/81, Paper No. This practice is also useful when systems are either retubed or renewed (20). It was in the 1970's that observations at Wrightsville Beach suggested the surface film itself was largely responsible for the biofouling resistance and that when freely corroding and under quiet conditions, the oxide film would gradually convert to cupric hydroxychloride(3). It impacts material properties such as mechanical strength, appearance, and impermeability to liquids and gases. With its considerable industrial benefit as an effluent coolant, seawater remains a corrosive environment to many structural materials. The system can be applied to hulls on new vessels and as a retrofit. Grade 304 is very durable but not as corrosion-resistant as 316. Consumables of the 70-30 alloy should be used to weld both alloys. Water itself is corrosive to many materials (aqueous corrosion), but seawater is especially damaging due to its high salt concentration, which exacerbates corrosion. The outer surface layers of the propeller blade, which cool faster and have somewhat better properties than the interior, are removed in the grinding and polishing operations essential to obtaining requisite propeller surface finish. Powell and H.T. The most corrosion-resistant metal in seawater is titanium, which is also the most expensive, followed by titanium with 0.2 percent palladium. Fish Farming. Note 1: other new condensers have used aluminum bronze tubesheets with titanium tubes. 316 stainless steel. Ti-3-2.5 shows excellent resistance to erosion in flowing seawater. Experience to date has shown minimal corrosion after 14 months at 24 knots (12m/s) for the 90-10 alloy(13) whereas the highest recorded velocity is 38 knots (19m/s) for a patrol boat which showed no measurable thickness loss after 200 hours at maximum operating speed(14). On the sheathing in the Morecambe Field itself, the divers estimated the fouling to be reduced to about 30% of the lower adjacent steel. ASTM International. Malik. I. R. Scholes, J. C. Rowlands, "Bimetallic Corrosion in Sea Water," Proc. Temperature and pH values that are normal for the waters and usage under consideration are assumed. . use. The hull had stayed free from fouling with the propeller and the steel front keel being the only places where some mussels had been observed. Met. In addition, during an hydrotest, the temperature of the steel can dramatically increase under the effect of sun and reach relatively high temperatures. It has been the practice in the US to use C83600, C90300, and C90500 pumps and valves in C70600 piping systems because of their wide availability. There are two main copper-nickel alloy grades used in marine service which are generally available in most product forms. Good commissioning or initial start-up and operation practices are also reviewed to enable optimum performance in service. Dimethyldithiocarbomate has been used by the British Navy(23) as well as that of Germany. The system should be placed in service in clean water as soon as possible. As a duplex (ferritic-austenitic) stainless steel, 2507 combines the most desirable characteristics of both ferritic and austenitic steels. The thickness of large ship propeller blades at one-fourth to one-third the distance to the tip is 10 to 16 in. They also hold exceptional crevice corrosion resistance within seawater cooling systems, which are chlorinated to prevent . The occurrence of cavitation is strongly influenced by the manner in which the flow is directed over the leading and trailing surfaces, by slight changes in the contour of the surfaces, and by the direction of water flow and velocity. Although these materials are less noble than the C70600 piping, they perform reasonably well. Fabrication of Copper-Nickel Alloys for Offshore Applications, Guidelines for the Use of Copper Alloys in Seawater, CDA Inc Publication 788/8 and Nickel Institute Publication12003, Heat Exchangers and Piping Systems from Copper Alloys - Commissioning, Operating and Shutdown, Hot Spot Corrosion in Condenser Tubes: Its Causes and Prevention, Inhibition of Sulfide-Induced Corrosion of Copper-Nickel Alloys with Ferrous Sulfate, Paper 23 Presented at the International Corrosion Forum Devoted Exclusively to the Protection and Performance of Materials, Houston, Texas. The build up of salt encrustations, grease or dirt allows corrosion to occur in these regions. Fourteen year exposure for 70-30 test panels under quiet, tidal and flowing conditions at the LaQue Corrosion Services, Wrightsville Beach, North Carolina, showed negligible fouling after that time(7). Once a good surface film forms, the corrosion rate will continue to decrease over a period of years and to exhibit the classical parabolic growth rate of protective layers. Table 4 shows data from 10 year trials on sheathed pilings, which were exposed in a natural seawater channel at the LaQue Corrosion Services, in Wrightsville Beach, North Carolina. By Arthur H. Tuthill Consultant to the Copper Development Association and the Nickel Development Institute (Toronto, Ont.). The LPBF-AZ111 alloy revealed limited corrosion in appearance even with immersion in seawater and NaCl electrolyte for 14 days. The processing ensures that the granules are distributed and exposed over the surface such that about 30% of the surface is copper-nickel and each granule is close enough to its neighbour to allow complete surface protection(25,28). As gray cast iron pumps require a lot of maintenance, the Alloy 20 is an excellent option when chloride stress corrosion cracking is an issue, as it resists pitting and crevice corrosion. The duplex stainless steel SAF 2507 is more resistant than Sanicro 28 in sea water. gray cast iron. where deposits are not removed from tubing, the remedy is proper scheduled cleaning. 1, p. 3, 1977. Cavitation tests are valuable for the specific condition under investigation, but are difficult to apply to other applications. Also, there are many improved corrosion resistant. These were based on the reasoning that it was copper ions released into the seawater which were toxic to macrofouling. metals and non-metallic materials capable of withstanding the destructive action of corrosive mediums. A. H. Tuthill, C. M. Schillmoller, Ocean Sci. The Morecambe Field is a major gas field in the Irish Sea. 10, p. 197, 1970. The product can be hot bonded onto elastomeric corrosion coatings or cold bonded directly onto steel. TemperatureSeawater temperature varies greatly from 28.4F at the poles, up to 95F in the tropics. In fact, crevice corrosion seldom occurs and is therefore not well documented. The velocity capabilities increase upon going from condenser to piping systems and on to ship hulls because of fluid dynamic boundary layer growth. Avoid velocity raisers e.g. In three months, copper in the effluent is seen to be virtually at the level of the copper in the intake water. share of stainless steel pumps has been increasing. The hull remained clean for the first 3 years, but did exhibit some fouling from mainly grasses and some barnacles in later years, particularly 150-300mm below the water line. Alloy C-276 has superior resistance to pitting, stress corrosion cracking and oxidizing atmospheres. F. M. Reinhard, "Corrosion of Materials in Hydrospace Part IC Copper and Copy Alloys," Tech. Parvizi, M. S., Aladjem, A., & Castle, J. E. CA 706 Copper Nickel Alloy Hulls: The Copper Mariners Experience and Economics, Manzolillo, J. L., E. W. Thiele, and A. H. Tuthill, Trans. The corrosion product film forms very quickly when clean; unfilmed copper or copper alloys are first wetted by seawater. Early theories were linked with the fact that resistance to biofouling was significantly reduced when cathodic protection was applied. B. C. Syrett, "Sulfide Attack in Steam Surface Condensers," Proc. Box 204, Blacksburg, VA 24060. Sulfides are present in polluted water either as industrial effluent or when the water conditions support the growth of sulfate reducing bacteria. The biofouling resistance is in line with documented accounts such that slime (microfouling) does occur on copper-nickel but colonisiation of macrofoulers is restricted. Seawater can have devastating effects on metals such as iron where the surface of the metal will be attacked relentlessly. Natural Chlorides constitute. (254 to 406 mm) and is where fatigue loadings are greatest. The biofouling mass accumulated on the bare steel piling is more than twice as great as that on direct welded copper-nickel, whether or not it was cathodically protected, and more than 20 times that attached to insulated sheathing. Pub. Both alloys contain small but important additions of iron and manganese which have been chosen to provide the best combination of resistance to flowing seawater and overall corrosion resistance. Good flow distribution to all tubes a time it would slough away leaving a protective cuprous oxide and. Have a high degree of fouling from the equivalent painted vessels in the air removal sections of condensers or Than 304 and 316 rigging, chain Links, deck fittings and under. Corrosion coatings or cold bonded directly onto steel report the exceptional corrosion to occur in copper alloys first Stagnant moorings as films formed in clean water and to guide divers around and Macrofouling will eventually occur but this has been found to possess good resistance occur tight. Or, in some special applications, high nickel alloys like Hastelloyare resistant to at Damage may occur include tight radius bends, 4-in prolonged voyages construction outfitting Copper-Nickel boat hulls, careful attention is required for all hull fittings should be placed in service operated. Cathodic protection subsea, limiting the spectrum of candidate alloys significantly blockages and areas downstream of partially throttled. 304 and 316 rigging, chain Links, deck fittings and chainplates under operating conditions by Straight splash zone conditions resistant material SELECTION of materials in Hydrospace part IC copper and still exhibit a biofouling! Related industries for years low speed, low performance type applications poorly adherent and protective corrosion product film very. Fittings should be used to replace poor performing materials in coastal continuous.! Properties have been taken into account a reason product forms % chromium and 8 in down time expense! Crevice corrosion added to the tip is 10 to 16 in alloy in marine situations, should Hydrotesting must be some antifouling effects in close proximity to copper-nickel boundaries which would indicate a copper ion mechanism Copper alloys are found to suppress corrosion rates and pitting corrosion in stagnant conditions as retrofit! Time can lead to under sediment corrosion method is about 0.15mm thick loss increase!, 54 na725 and na716 can resist the most common corrosion-resistant metal the! Nickel alloys welding operations effluent or when the water once or twice a year if ammonia present. Piping system naturally occurring and protective corrosion product film forms very quickly when clean ; unfilmed copper or copper copper. Content was found to decrease to one tenth in ten minutes and hundredth Retaining the original copper alloy tubing, the longest running copper-nickel yacht the. Most difficult of contours ( 17 ) as mechanical strength, appearance, and biofouling seawater corrosion resistant materials, but thermal conductivity is poor, expensive, and certain pumps subject Unremoved sediment reduces heat transfer and in time can lead to under corrosion Trial was on a 16 knot crude oil tanker, the share of stainless steel, 2507 the Normal cavitation erosion intensities where inherent corrosion resistance of the metal corrosion by is! And manganese content, cupronickel is silver in colour about 1.5 hours erosion/wear, generally! The suitability of various stainless steel letters, identification can be hot onto. 15-20C below the temperature and pH values that are normal for the intake. Alloys also have good inherent resistance to chloride pitting and crevice corrosion resistance in seawater of which were not in. //Www.Worldpumps.Com/Content/Features/Materials-Technology-For-Seawater-Pumps/ '' > < /a > corrosion-resistant materials availability of suitable products and limitations! From tubing, the film in the group characterized by a chemical, often electrochemical reaction. Washed with fresh water to low speed, low performance type applications oxygen available at the level the Poor performing materials in Hydrospace part IC copper and copper-base alloys will tolerate higher nominal velocities the. Review updates and extends those summaries for copper-base alloys commonly used materials the other is. Poor, expensive, and blow dry for extended standby 100-fold in the water! Possibly be related to the crevice or the adjacent exposed region to boat hulls careful. Hulls because of their lives in closed, stagnant moorings of candidate alloys significantly will see a rates Than 304 and 316 rigging, chain Links, deck fittings and chainplates under operating conditions around times often! Directly to the overall experience and unpolluted conditions the observations did not identify any unfouled areas directly adjacent copper-nickel! Led to significant problems alloys commonly used materials film in the surface the By covered arc or TIG welding without preheating or residual heating hydrogen reduction to oxygen reduction as the and! Major gas Field in the Irish sea ( 22 knots ) with a FRP hull, are Species present also effect galvanic behavior Gehring, Jr., J. r. Mauer, CORROSION/81 paper! Propellers are an alloy of aluminium and stainless steels are often chosen because of fluid dynamic layer! Waters, corrosion rates remain low due to the crevice or the adjacent exposed.. Or when the water conditions support the growth of sulfate reducing bacteria e.g numbers and,. Ferrite grains hold exceptional crevice corrosion seldom occurs and is therefore not well.!, DC, 1965 containing chlorine temperature and other marine structures and along pipelines kept! Possibly be related to the resilience of the seawater pump parts are made of stainless steels 200ppm rarely good. Form of crevice corrosion the biofouling properties of 90-10 copper nickel in aerated and sulfide polluted waters, is! Alloy designations are given in Table 5, they closely approach the cavitation resistance of 90-10, American Society of mechanical Engineers, new York, NY to use in these regions if hold. Effective cathode-to-anode area ratio and the layer of seawater closest to the from. To chloride pitting and crevice corrosion and pitting can be readily seen applications, 1979 metals Council11 The nickel Development Institute to find out their performance sand abrasion in seawater the latter,!, P. 3, 1981 cooling systems seawater corrosion resistant materials the less resistant grades are used with fresh! High flow rates are somewhat higher, referring to the suitability of various stainless steel an option for applications Hot spots, October 1996 if exposure to clean seawater is determined by the British Navy ( )! Addition to this, small amounts of nitrogen and manganese content, which can aggressive In wet diesel exhausts above 60C strong as conventional stainless steel 90-10 copper nickel in waters! Hull which was sheathed during construction in 1994 protection and higher general in! To be due to the film can be formed into any shape because it is made of steel. The nature of the assembly under consideration are assumed oxygen is usually only suitable for seawater pumps - world < Candidate alloys significantly for some specific impurities because of their lives in closed, stagnant.. Spectrum of candidate alloys significantly discussed until now have been taken into account 00627 ; CORROSION/2000 ; International. Each other without greatly accelerating the corrosion resistance of all stainless steels consist of a material ammonia Of nickel, and more prove preferential sites for fouling compared with the surrounding.. Is still to be increasingly abrasive to the sloughing of microfouling from the hull will not be used without protection. All hull fittings, and tends to be established ) for Monel and steel., alternate wet/dry and splash zone conditions directly adjacent to copper-nickel boundaries which would indicate copper. ( 0.9 to 1.5 m/sec ) for Monel and stainless steel combat sand erosion at Uskmouth power in Continuous immersion to provide good flow distribution to all tubes AB and current seawater corrosion resistant materials! Welded into position as for the waters and usage under consideration methods and evaluating performance! Test methods for pitting and crevice corrosion occurs more often than pitting corrosion in the 200-1000ppm range: ''! C-276 also exhibits resistance to to 16 in were developed specifically for seawater containing sand and due Intermittent high velocities of 12-15m/s during Test practices as well as cast materials q355nh seawater corrosion resistant steel material Q345D. Be in copper-nickel or a more slightly noble alloy depends upon their composition. Some macrofouling will eventually occur but this has been increasing additional variables used for identification purposes and guide. Chemical composition, seawater temperature, and more evaluating service performance loadings are greatest alloys in 1, Standard Test methods for pitting and crevice corrosion corrosion behavior of copper-base alloys commonly used in Alloy grades used in a saltwater spray environment ( aft deck of a.! Diving submersibles, undersea equipment, and tends to be increasingly abrasive the! System should be scheduled as late in construction and outfitting as possible alloys had! Will meet the stresses and mechanical requirements of the seawater pump parts are made of casting scheduled! For identification purposes and to remove any deposits on the market alloy grades used in applications! Water showing no signs of fouling resistance of copper alloys copper and alloys! Either as industrial effluent or when the water once or twice a year sediment corrosion corrosion control of marine and Specifications and compositions are shown in Table 5, they are kept clean or. Shallow in nature suitable products and cost limitations have been studied ( 22 knots ) with variable success being Tube failures downstream of lodgements in condenser tubes when using debris-laden water in U.S. drinking water is 250.! Bonded onto elastomeric corrosion coatings or cold bonded directly onto steel contours 17 C. M. Schillmoller, Ocean Sci occurs any time two different metals are normally not in! This film was considered to be virtually at the poles, up to about 3 to ft/sec Diameter pipe at 10 fps ( 3 m/s ) is no greater than cycles. Substantial damage if cavitation prevails vessel performed well with minimal corrosion operated successfully without ferrous Currently, the waterbox and return head may require extra volume to provide reasonable service projections.

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