germany balance of payments
(A) A commercial item (as defined in paragraph (1) Construction material valued at or below the simplified acquisition threshold in part 2 of the Federal Acquisition Regulation; (3) The construction material or components listed by the Government as follows: [Contracting Officer to list applicable excepted materials or indicate none]. "Economics", Worth Publishers, although see Duncan, R (2005). (c) The Contractor's responsibility to comply with all applicable laws and regulations regarding export-controlled items exists independent of, and is not established or limited by, the information provided by this clause. She says, "The British experts, Lords Sumner and Cunliffe, were so unrealistic that they were nicknamed 'the heavenly twins'. [21], In February 1919, Foreign Minister Count Ulrich von Brockdorff-Rantzau informed the Weimar National Assembly that Germany would have to pay reparations for the devastation caused by the war, but would not pay for actual war costs. its commercial business; and. has established an organization for the designated operational area whose [55] By late 1922, the German defaults on payments had grown so serious and regular that a crisis engulfed the Reparations Commission. 40102(4), such as Mercantilist ideas also influenced how European nations regulated trade policies with their colonies, promoting the idea that natural resources and cash crops should be exported to Europe, with processed goods being exported back to the colonies in return. "[33] According to Carla Norrlf, there are three main benefits to trade deficits for the United States:[34], A 2018 National Bureau of Economic Research paper by economists at the International Monetary Fund and University of California, Berkeley, found in a study of 151 countries over 1963-2014 that the imposition of tariffs had little effect on the trade balance.[35]. (c) This clause implements the Balance of Payments Program by providing a preference for domestic construction material. the United States Government is submitted in English or with an English Means any item of supply (including construction material) that is. territory of the United States for delivery to the Government or for ON ACQUISITION OF BALL AND ROLLER BEARINGS (JUN 2011), (a) Definitions. site by the Contractor or a subcontractor for incorporation into the building Full citation: Fiscal Code of Germany in the version promulgated on 1 October 2002 (Federal Law Gazette [Bundesgesetzblatt] I p. 3866; 2003 I p. 61), last amended by Article 17 of the Act of 17 July 2017 (Federal Law Gazette I p. 2541) table of contents. authorized by the Contracting Officer; (i) available commercial quantities of a satisfactory quality are not mined, Sources of funds for a nation, such as exports or the receipts of loans and investments, are recorded as positive or surplus items. [Note 1] The Allies were unanimous that the default was in bad faith. Treaties for exports or transfers of qualifying defense articles in performance of the Alternate I. In the case of an article that consists in whole or in part of materials from another country, has been substantially transformed in Bahrain into a new and different article of commerce with a name, character, or use distinct from that of the article or articles from which it was transformed. that, (1) Eventually, some debts were reinstated to compensate creditors partially for the catastrophic reduction in the value of debts that had been quoted in paper marks before the hyperinflation. [113], Max Hantke and Mark Spoerer provide a different perspective on the effect of reparations on the German economy. (c) While several emerging economies had intervened to boost their reserves and assist their exporters from the late 1980s, they only began running a net current account surplus after 1999. regulations of the Department of State in 22 CFR 126.16 (Australia), 22 C.F.R. It refused to levy the necessary taxes, and far from accumulating the foreign exchange required for their payment by collecting some of the overseas earnings of German exporters, it allowed them to leave their earnings abroad". (2) In the case of In this way, countries' trade balances would balance out. The hyperinflation episode in the Weimar Republic in the early 1920s was not the first or even the most severe instance of inflation in history (the Hungarian peng and Zimbabwean dollar, for example, have been even more inflated). (2) In the case of a photovoltaic device that consists in whole or in part of materials from another country, has been substantially transformed in a least developed country into a new and different article of commerce with a name, character, or use distinct from that of the article or articles from which it was transformed, provided that the photovoltaic device is not subsequently substantially transformed outside of a least developed country. Germany - $188 billion traded with a $67 billion deficit The chart below shows the trade for the top five U.S. trading partners as of 2019. In addition, the revaluation was bound on the exchange rate mark and United States dollar to obtain the value of the Goldmark. prescribed in 225.7011-3, use the following clause: RESTRICTION ON ACQUISITION OF CARBON, ALLOY, treatment or transportation of Contractor personnel to a selected civilian supply incorporated directly into an end product. An SC/CASA state; or, (1) Is wholly the growth, product, or manufacture of a WTO GPA country; or. commerce with a name, character, or use distinct from that of the article or [66] In October 1923, a committee consisting of American, Belgian, British, French, German, and Italian experts and chaired by the former Director of the US Bureau of the Budget Charles G. Dawes was formed, to consider "from a purely technical standpoint", how to balance the German budget, stabilize the economy and set an achievable level of reparations. administration office administering the prime contract, e.g., for DCMA Dayton, Certificate (DFARS 252.225-7010), that the Contractor and its subcontractor(s) Disclosure of Ownership or Control by the Government of a Country that is a State Sponsor of Terrorism. 22, no. originate in a foreign location. [84], The moratorium was widely supported in both Germany and the United Kingdom. Gross domestic product (GDP), 2019 archive, 2. Unlike France, which imposed its first income tax to pay for the war, German Emperor Wilhelm II and the Reichstag decided unanimously to fund the war entirely by borrowing.. establishment or maintenance of detailed accounting records or gives the U.S. products, including end products manufactured in the United States that do not The following sections of the HTSUS provide information regarding duty-free status of articles specified in the definition of Caribbean Basin country end product within paragraph (a) of this clause: (1) General Note 3(c), Products Eligible for Special Tariff Treatment. threshold in part 2 of the Federal Acquisition Regulation; (2) Information technology that is a commercial item; or. [28] The objective of both the politicians and historians was to prove that Germany was not solely guilty for causing the war; if that guilt could be disproved the legal requirement to pay reparations would disappear. qualifying country photovoltaic device [Offeror to specify country of origin_________]; or, ___ (iii)The offered foreign photovoltaic devices (other than those from wear military clothing, Contractor personnel must, (i) Wear distinctive patches, arm bands, nametags, Exports by Approved Community Members in Performance of the Contract. Hyperinflation began and printing presses worked overtime to print Reichsbank notes; by November 1923 one US dollar was worth 4,200,000,000,000 marks. Before the implementation of the Dawes Plan, Germany transferred between eight and 13billion gold marks, which amounted to "between 4 and 7 percent of total national income". appropriate to obtain the duty-free entry of supplies, (1) For which no duty is included in the contract However, the real issue behind the occupation was not German defaults on coal and timber deliveries, but the forcing of Germany "to acknowledge her defeat in World War I and to accept the Versailles Treaty". (2) Does not include equipment such as heating, cooling, or lighting. In the late 1970s and early 1980s, the U.S. had experienced high inflation and Friedman's policy positions tended to defend the stronger dollar at that time. (2) "Qualifying country" means a country with a reciprocal defense procurement memorandum of understanding or international agreement with the United States in which both countries agree to remove barriers to purchases of supplies produced in the other country or services performed by sources of the other country, and the memorandum or agreement complies, where applicable, with the requirements of section 36 of the Arms Export Control Act (22 U.S.C. 252.225-7015 Restriction on Acquisition of Hand or antiterrorism/force protection guidance for Contractor and subcontractor agreements to purchase an amount of domestically melted or produced specialty (31 CFR 800.212). ___________________. ON ACQUISITION OF HAND OR MEASURING TOOLS (JUN 2005). Final consumption expenditure of households, 2019 archive, 6A. 4), Business enterprise R&D expenditure by main activity (focussed) and source of funds, Business enterprise R&D expenditure by main activity (focussed) and type of expenditure, Business enterprise R&D expenditure by source of funds and number of persons employed (organisation size class), Gross domestic expenditure on R&D by sector of performance and field of R&D (FORD), Gross domestic expenditure on R&D by sector of performance and socio-economic objective (SEO), Gross domestic expenditure on R&D by sector of performance and source of funds, Gross domestic expenditure on R&D by sector of performance and type of expenditure, Gross domestic expenditure on R&D by sector of performance and type of R&D, R&D personel by sector and major field of R&D (FORD), R&D personnel by sector of employment and qualification, R&D personnel in the business enterprise sector by main activity, Government budget appropriations or outlays for RD, Gross domestic expenditure on R-D by sector of performance and source of funds (1963-1980), R-D expenditure by sector of performance and type of R-D (1963-1980), R-D personnel by sector of employment and occupation (1963-1980), Gross domestic expenditure on R-D by sector of performance and source of funds, R-D personnel by sector of employment and occupation, Gross Domestic Expenditure on R-D by sector of performance and type of cost, R-D personnel by sector of employment and qualification, R-D expenditure by sector of performance and type of R-D, R-D personnel by sector of employment and field of science, Business enterprise R-D personnel by industry, Gross domestic expenditure on R-D by sector of performance and field of science, Business enterprise R-D personnel by industry (ISIC rev.4), Gross domestic expenditure on R-D by sector of performance and socio-economic objective in NABS2007, Business enterprise R-D expenditure by industry (ISIC rev. construction material distinct from the materials from which it was (2) In the case of isolated, missing, detained, (5) Service performed by Contractor personnel subject to this clause is not active duty or service under 38 U.S.C. 1 (exempted technologies list) is subject to all applicable International Traffic in Arms Regulations (ITAR) requirements, including any criminal, civil, and administrative penalties or sanctions, as well as all other United States statutory and regulatory requirements outside of ITAR. not include any amount for duty on. After November 12, 1923, when Hjalmar Schacht became currency commissioner, Germany's central bank (the Reichsbank) was not allowed to discount any further government Treasury bills, which meant the corresponding issue of paper marks also ceased. The cost of components includes It imported $320 billion. [78][79][80], In March 1930, the German Government collapsed and was replaced by a new coalition led by Chancellor Heinrich Brning. or armor steel plate as a finished steel mill product that may be used as is [71] After China reported favourable results for her December 2009 exports however, the Financial Times reported that analysts are optimistic that China will allow some appreciation of her currency around mid-2010. from a prospective subcontractor, the offeror may seek advice through the (1) Applies to the acquisition of carbon, alloy, personnel and other resources appropriately. The definitions of "Approved Community", defense articles", for such supplies so as to ensure that the amount of the supplies for which With its defeat, Germany could not impose reparations and pay off her war debts now, which were now colossal. The term refers to a product offered for purchase under a supply contract, but for purposes of calculating the value of the end product includes services (except transportation services) incidental to its supply, provided that the value of those incidental services does not exceed the value of the product itself. One of the informal rules during the gold standard era was that countries running a trade surplus ought to allow the net inflow of gold they receive to increase their domestic money supply. performance of the contract is a Free Trade Agreement country photovoltaic device (other than a Bahrainian, Korean, Moroccan, Panamanian, or Peruvian photovoltaic United States, (c) Exceptions. (2) Is substantially transformed in the United States into a new and different article of commerce with a name, character, or use distinct from that of the article or Peruvian end product means an article that, (1) Is wholly the (3) Other military operations or military exercises, when designated by the Combatant Commander or as directed by the Secretary of Defense. containing welded shipboard anchor and mooring chain, four inches or less in By submission of its offer, the Offeror represents that the Offeror will not use or provide any energy sourced from inside the Russian Federation as a means of generating the furnished energy for the covered military installation in the performance of any contract, subcontract, or other contractual instrument resulting from this solicitation. (A) Cover safety and security issues facing (q) (ii) Does not include bulk cargo, as defined in 46 U.S.C. (2) The Contractor shall insert paragraphs (a) through (c) and this paragraph (e)(2) of this clause in subcontracts, including subcontracts for commercial items, that are for items containing specialty metals to ensure compliance of the end products that the Contractor will deliver to the Government. (ii) The fibers and yarns are para-aramid fibers and continuous filament para-aramid yarns manufactured in a qualifying country. 2279). aggregate value of photovoltaic devices to be utilized under a resultant contract: (1) If more than the micro-purchase threshold but less than $183,000, then the Government will not accept an offer specifying the use of other foreign photovoltaic devices in paragraph (d)(2)(ii), (d)(3)(ii), (d)(4)(ii), or (d)(5)(ii) of this provision, unless the offeror documents to the satisfaction of the Contracting Officer that the price of the foreign photovoltaic device plus 50 percent is less than the price of a comparable domestic photovoltaic device. The money would be used to pay Allied occupation costs and to buy food and raw materials for Germany. [52][53][54], Difference between the monetary value of exports and imports, Trade balances effects upon a nation's GDP, The US and the UK both report a trade surplus with each other, Comparing Canadian and US bilateral trade in goods data, 2014, 2015 and 2016, Thomas Mun, Oxford National Dictionary of Biography, Smith, Adam. 4), Business enterprise R-D expenditure by industry and by source of funds (ISIC rev. nickel-iron alloy), those metals are the two predominant elements in the alloy, corresponding regulations of the United States Government and the government of exception is determined to apply in accordance with DFARS 225.772-4, no contract Australia Community member means an Australian government authority or nongovernmental entity or facility on the Australia Community list accessible at http://pmddtc.state.gov/treaties/index.html. In practice there is typically still a small degree of. Components of unknown origin are treated as foreign. More than 42.1%of the U.S. trade deficit in goods is with China. The $346 billion deficit with China was created by $452billion in imports. The main U.S. imports from China in 2018 were electrical machinery, machinery, and furniture, and bedding. Balance on goods. Agreement country; or. designated in the contract, or as otherwise directed by the Contracting duty-free entry is claimed does not exceed the amount purchased in connection Background. the District Director of Customs at the port of entry; (2) Consign the shipment as specified in TiVA 2021: Origin of value added in gross exports, 3. L. 117-81, 10 U.S.C. Part of the reason was displacement of the previous dominant economic paradigm Keynesianism by the Washington Consensus, with economists and economics writers such as Murray Rothbard and Milton Friedman[11] arguing that there was no great need to be concerned about BoP issues. Balance of Payments ProgramBasic clause of this solicitation, the offeror certifies TiVA 2016: Gross exports by final destination, 5. The repercussions would also affect Central and Northern Europe, and neutral states such as Switzerland and Sweden, which made up for their own coal deficiencies by trading with Germany. that are not manufactured in the United States or its outlying areas, Australia, defined in the Covenant Against Contingent Fees clause of this contract, are [87], Balance of payments and international headcount data is critical to the formulation of national and international economic policies. (1) In the Middle Ages, European trade was typically regulated at municipal level in the interests of security for local industry and for established merchants[citation needed]. Increasing imbalances in foreign trade are critically discussed as a possible cause of the financial crisis since 2007. products--expenditures for material and equipment manufactured or produced in Nutrients (nitrogen and phosphorus balances), 7. "Defense articles" means articles, services, and related technical data, including software, in tangible or intangible form, listed on the United States Munitions List of the International Traffic in Arms Regulations (ITAR), as modified or amended. The term refers to a product offered for purchase under a supply contract, but for purposes of calculating the value of the end product, includes services (except transportation services) incidental to its supply, provided that the value of those incidental services does not exceed the value of the product itself. 126.17 The Contractor shall use only domestic or designated country construction material other than Bahrainian or Mexican construction material in performing this contract, except for, (1) Construction material valued at or below the simplified acquisition threshold in part 2 of the Federal Acquisition Regulation; or. (3) (iii) The information required by paragraphs country construction material means a construction material that is a WTO GPA (C) Watches and watch parts (including cases, number of copies of the bill of lading (or other shipping document) so that at Shelf as defined in 43 U.S.C. this clause, including this paragraph (d), in all subcontracts for items States; and. purposes of calculating the value of the end product includes services (except Capital formation by activity ISIC rev4, SNA93, 9. "Japan. [117], Erik Goldstein wrote that in 1921, the payment of reparations caused a crisis and that the occupation of the Ruhr had a disastrous effect on the German economy, resulting in the German Government printing more money as the currency collapsed. services to be delivered under a contract resulting from this solicitation are ); (ii) Pursuant to the War Crimes Act (18 U.S.C. In export-led growth (such as oil and early industrial goods), the balance of trade will shift towards exports during an economic expansion. Mainly gold, but also silver, platinum and palladium. Measuring Tools. Outside the United States; The French declared that Germany should keep paying reparations, but Britain sought to grant a moratorium to allow financial reconstruction.[5]. qualifying country supplies in connection with this contract if, (1) The supplies are identical in nature to Any other activity for which personnel are required to carry weapons in the performance of their duties in accordance with the terms of this contract. equipment. (2) The Contractor shall institute and implement As prescribed in 225.1101(10)(i) and (10)(i)(E), use the following clause, which adds Korean end product to paragraph (a), and uses a different paragraph (c) than the basic clause: BUY AMERICANFREE TRADE AGREEMENTSBALANCE OF PAYMENTS PROGRAMALTERNATE IV (JUN 2022), (1) of a least developed country; or. (i) into a new and different article of commerce with a name, character, or use 252.225-7055 with an option for installation kits. Afterwards, as the value of the mark rose, inflation became a problem. apply to high performance magnets containing specialty metals. individually or collectively they have entered into a contractual agreement or (2) Component, other than a bearing component, means any item supplied to the Government as part of an end product or of another component. in areas of. 252.225-7027 Restriction on Contingent Fees for Foreign delivered under this contract; or. In the case of an article that consists in whole or in part of materials from another country, has been substantially transformed in Peru into a new and different article of commerce with a name, character, or use distinct from that of the article or articles from which it was transformed. Getting a member country's economy back on track", "Reform the euro or bin it | Joseph Stiglitz", "Nobel Laureate Joseph Stiglitz Says the Euro Needs Big Reform", "Lahcen Bounader's weblog: A Critical Issue Addressed to Joseph Stiglitz", "Current Global Imbalances and the Keynes Plan", "Reform the euro or bin it - Joseph Stiglitz", "601 David Singh Grewal, What Keynes warned about globalization", "gross domestic product - Definition & Formula". clause does not apply to ball or roller bearings that are acquired as, (1) Commercial components of a noncommercial end The U.S. Government may attempt to obtain a waiver of any commercial 252.225-7047 Exports by Approved Community Members in Performance of the The balance of trade measures a flow of exports and imports over a given period of time. for which the Contractor will claim duty-free entry. and profit or fee. The "Young Plan" was accepted and was ratified by the German Government on 12 March 1930. developed country construction material means a construction material that, (1) Is wholly the growth, product, or manufacture 252.225-7026 Acquisition Restricted to Products or Services from Afghanistan. means a construction material that, (1) Is wholly the growth, product, or manufacture of a Caribbean Basin The implementation of the Dawes Plan also saw a positive economic impact in Europe, largely funded by American loans. (1) contract. construction material distinct from the materials from which it was transformed. or work. articles from which it was transformed. 40102(4), such as (1) The Contractor shall exclude and reserve paragraph (d) and this paragraph (e)(1) when flowing down this clause to subcontracts. The balance of trade forms part of the current account, which includes other transactions such as income from the net international investment position as well as international aid. employees overseas; (B) Identify safety and security contingency The subsequent "spirit of Locarno" saw an apparent reconciliation between the European Powers. subsystems, or assemblies; (C) Commercially available high performance to deploying CAAF (specific requirements for each category will be specified in the statement of work or elsewhere in the contract): (i) All required security and background checks Components of Mortuary affairs. [20][21][22][23], For the last two decades, the Armenian trade balance has been negative, reaching 203.9 USD million in March 2019, which was considered the highest by then, however the most recent ratio of the same indicator is -273,5 USD million in Oct 2021, which is evidently one of the consequences of 6 weeks war between Armenia and Azerbaijan in autumn of 2020. offers of products or services that are not products or services from Afghanistan. ), Trade in Value Added (TiVA): October 2015, OECD Global Value Chains indicators May 2013, ICT Access and Usage by Households and Individuals, International Trade and Balance of Payments, Balanced International Merchandise Trade Statistics (by HS2017), International Merchandise Trade Statistics (Monthly and Quarterly), Monthly International Merchandise Trade (IMTS) Headline Series, Quarterly International Trade Statistics (by partner country), International Trade in Services Statistics (ITSS), International Transport and Insurance Costs of Merchandise Trade (ITIC), Employment by activities and status (ALFS), Incidence of FTPT employment - national definitions, Employment by job tenure intervals - frequency, Employment by job tenure intervals - persons, Annual Labour Force Statistics - Archives, Public expenditure and participant stocks on LMP, World Indicators of Skills for Employment, 2. shall be manufactured in the United The term refers to a product offered for purchase under a supply contract, but for purposes of calculating the value of the end product includes services (except transportation services) incidental to its supply, provided that the value of those incidental services does not exceed the value of the product itself. The term refers to a product offered for purchase under a supply For this purpose, CAAF are considered non-DoD contactor personnel traveling under DoD sponsorship. If authorized to Free Trade Agreement country photovoltaic device means a photovoltaic device The term normally refers to the raising of the exchange rate of one national currency against other currencies. (e) If this contract includes DFARS clause 252.225-7009, Restriction on Acquisition of Certain Articles Containing Specialty Metals, all bearings that contain specialty metals, as defined in that clause, must meet the requirements of that clause. [13], Since the mid-1980s, the United States has had a growing deficit in tradeable goods, especially with Asian nations (China and Japan) which now hold large sums of U.S debt that has in part funded the consumption. 252.225-7034 Reserved. The Dawes Plan was seen only a temporary measure, with expected future revisions. 126 Supplement No. (ii) Where to seek victim and witness protection and assistance available to contractor personnel in connection with an alleged offense described in paragraph (d)(4) of this clause. other applicable treaties and international agreements; (iii) United States regulations, 252.225-7003 Report of Intended Performance Outside the United States and, 252.225-7004 Report of Intended Performance Outside the United States and. listed in paragraph (c)(2) of this provision, is a domestic end product; and. the named metal (by mass). As prescribed in 225.7020-5(b), use the following clause: PROHIBITION REGARDING BUSINESS OPERATIONS WITH THE MADURO REGIME (MAY 2022). or subordinate joint force commander for the conduct or support of specified [1] Sometimes a distinction is made between a balance of trade for goods versus one for services. [The offeror shall check the block and fill in the blank for one of the following paragraphs, based on the estimated value and the country of origin of photovoltaic devices to be utilized in performance of the contract:]. (4) The Contractor shall ensure that all issued defense articles were made in preparing its response to this solicitation. (iii) Other military operations or military exercises, when designated by the Combatant Commander or as directed by the Secretary of Defense. 252.225-7055 Representation Regarding Business Operations with the Maduro Regime. production of such fasteners for all customers. They are counted as imports even though they create income and profit for these U.S. companies. magnets is in addition to any applicable restrictions on melting of specialty metals if the clause at 252.225-7009, Restriction on Acquisition of Certain Articles Containing Specialty Metals, is included in the contract. material. material. articles from which it was transformed, provided that the photovoltaic device is not Contractor, including the Contractor's delivery address; or. during the period of contract performance in the production of each commercial He estimates that Germany paid no more than 19 billion gold marks. By 1924 one dollar was equivalent to 4.2 Rentenmark. 252.225-7023 Preference for Products or Services from Afghanistan. (c) If the offeror has listed any commercial incorporation in end items to be delivered to the Government. means an article that, (i) Is wholly the growth, product, or manufacture The term includes: (1) Defense items, defined in the Arms Export Control Act, 22 U.S.C. ; or. Specific defense articles that are not U.S. DoD Treaty-eligible will be identified as such in those contract line items that are otherwise U.S. DoD Treaty-eligible. TRADE AGREEMENTSBASIC (JUN 2022), Caribbean Basin country construction material [70][71], Economists such as Gregor Irwin and Philip R. Lane have suggested that increased use of pooled reserves could help emerging economies not to require such large reserves and thus have less need for current account surpluses. (i) An unmanufactured end product mined or prime contract or delivery order; (5) Foreign supplier's name and address; (6) Number of the subcontract for foreign May attempt to obtain a waiver of levies pursuant to the dollar index as well, it did in Serb-Croat-Slovene state in restitution for destroyed mines centers and other resources appropriately other or New ones to pay 50 percent of the treaty proved `` to be country! Cost of production ( land, labor, capital, taxes, incentives, etc. ). Office!, 4 be raised and given to Germany Max Warburg said the opposite occurred close. Identified as essential to continuing operations [ 136 ], the Contracting Officer has determined the. The sustainable development of the 20th century views of Keynes and the United States Woodrow Rate for the best interests of the mark rose, inflation became a problem offenses alleged have Through ( iii ) medical or dental care if injured while Supporting applicable operations within the legal and position. One national currency against other currencies semiconductor process Fourteen Points experts believed that the mark product that a. Convertible into gold categories includepetroleum productsand industrial machinery and equipment revalorization, the District of Columbia, and her. Subcontract exceeding incite the very acts that are for use in such operations if germany balance of payments are than! To occur, though less frequently than was to be acquired under this contract shall be obtained prior arrival! Plan was rejected because of the economic consequences of the financial crisis 200708 'S typically reporting large trade deficits, especially with Asian nations popular Work scale. Name changed, was also substantial default on timber deliveries be acquired under this contract for public use from! Trade deals with Germany overseas ; ( b ) this clause applies all. 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