breeding for drought tolerance in maize

As of Jan. 10, 2022, the USDA listed 12 bioengineered products available in the US: alfalfa, Arctic apples, canola, corn, cotton, BARI Bt Begun varieties of eggplant, ringspot virus-resistant varieties of papaya, pink flesh varieties of pineapple, potato, AquAdvantage salmon, soybean, summer squash, and sugarbeet. [24] Teff germination generally occurs 312 days after sowing. If so, how? Feedipedia, a programme by INRA, CIRAD, AFZ and FAO. [7] Teff is a fine-stemmed, tufted grass with large crowns and many tillers. Maize ARGOS8 is a negative regulator of ethylene responses. For example, scientists were looking to make corn more insect-resistant. [35], A joint commission of the World Health Organization (WHO) and the Food and Agriculture Organization of the UN (FAO) identified two potential unintended effects of genetic modification of food sources: higher levels of allergens in a host plant that contains known allergenic properties, and new proteins created by the gene insertion that could cause allergic reactions. In all, the fodder and feed situation should look better from here on. 44 describe the impact of industry-scale evaluations of drought-tolerant maize hybrids generated by genomic selection. List two to three ways. The photochemical reflectance index tracks the period when soil water content cannot sustain the demand for transpiration. [25] [26] [27] [28] [29] [30], The global population is expected to increase by two billion by 2050. and Saad, M.E. Shi J, Habben JE, Archibald RL, Drummond BJ, Chamberlin MA, Williams RW, Lafitte HR, Weers BP. Management of Economically Important Insect Pests of Millet. Genetic manipulation of photosynthesis to enhance crop productivity under changing environmental conditions. Singh S, Chaudhary R, Deshmukh R, Tiwari S. Plant Mol Biol. Plants prior to phenotyping at the Nanaji Deshmukh Plant Phenomics Centre in New Delhi. [27] To avoid this, farmers can decrease nitrogen input, cultivate teff after a legume crop or adjust sowing time so that the rains have stopped when the crop reaches heading stage. [56] [57], The National Bioengineered Food Disclosure Standard established mandatory national standards for labeling foods with genetically engineered ingredients in the United States. Cooper et al. Martina Newell-McGoughlin, Director of the University of California Systemwide Biotechnology Research and Education Program, said that GMOs are more thoroughly tested than any product produced in the history of agriculture. [8], Over 2,000 global studies have affirmed the safety of GM crops. Genes potentially controlling these traits were identified. In the above example, the insecticide gene from. A report by Australia and New Zealands food safety regulator found that Golden Rice is considered to be as safe for human consumption as food derived from conventional rice. [18] [19] [20], The two main types of GMO crops in use are bioengineered to either produce their own pesticides or to be herbicide-tolerant. [31] [32], According to the Center for Food Safety, a US-based nonprofit organization, Each genetic insertion creates the added possibility that formerly nontoxic elements in the food could become toxic. The group says that resistance to antibiotics, cancer, and suppressed immune function are among potential risks of genetic modification using viral DNA. In tea growing areas of Iran, drought stress is a serious problem that affects the yield and quality of green leaves, therefore introducing cultivars that tolerate drought stress is one of the breeding purpose. ABA mediates plant tolerance to a variety of abiotic stressors and is also required for priming across different stressors (Sah et al., 2016). This has reduced the need for spraying insecticides over corn fields by 35%, and dozens of studies have shown there are no environmental or health concerns with Bt corn. It is daylight-sensitive and flowers best with 12 hours of daylight. Photo by Biswabiplab Singh, winner of the EMPHASIS photo competition in collaboration with the International Plant Phenotyping Network. Analysing lodging of the panicle bearing cereal teff (Eragrostis tef). GMOs can help address those problems with genetic engineering to improve crop yields and help farmers grow food in drought regions or on depleted soil, thereby lowering food prices and feeding more people. This will reduce the need for giving costly feed and concentrates mainly when they are producing milk. If it were more widely adopted around the world, the price [of food] would go lower, and fewer people would die of hunger. [17], To combat Vitamin A deficiency, the main cause of childhood blindness in developing countries, researchers developed a GMO Golden Rice that produces high levels of beta-carotene. [29] Moreover, teff offers some promising opportunities for breeding programs: the first draft of the Eragrostis tef genome was published in 2014 and research institutes have started selecting for more resistant varieties. [15], Teff is the most important commodity produced and consumed in Eritrea and Ethiopia: The flat pancake-like injera provide livelihood for around 6.5 million small farmers in the country. Science, 241, 10861089. Bot., 87, 917. and Arabidopsis (Zhang et al., 2019). The many species of wheat together make up the genus Triticum; the most widely grown is common wheat (T. aestivum).The archaeological record suggests that wheat was first cultivated in the regions of the Fertile Crescent around 9600 BCE. [1] [2] [53] [55]. [26] Sowing can also be done mechanically; row planting reduces lodging. [14] A 19th-century identification of teff seeds from an ancient Egyptian site is now considered doubtful; the seeds in question (no longer available for study) are more likely of E. aegyptiaca, a common wild grass in Egypt. Robert Gould, pathologist at the UC San Francisco School of Medicine, said, the contention that GMOs pose no risks to human health cant be supported by studies that have measured a time frame that is too short to determine the effects of exposure over a lifetime. [33], Genetically modified ingredients are in 70-80% of food eaten in the United States, even though there havent been any long term clinical trials on humans to determine whether GMO foods are safe. Genetics, 165, 309319. Transgenic alteration of ethylene biosynthesis increases grain yield in maize under field drought-stress conditions. Accessibility Proper citation depends on your preferred or required style manual. [6] Average yields in Ethiopia reach around two tonnes per ha. Van Delden, S.H., Vos, J., Ennos, A.R. Thus, breeding droughttolerant germplasm to improve yields in arid regions represents an important goal of wheat breeding programs. J. & Rahut, D.B. The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the 2. & Kunert, K. (2013). This situation has further worsened by the increasing population growth and inherent food demand. Genetic evidence points to E. pilosa as the most likely wild ancestor. Botanically, the wheat kernel is a type of [6], According to a study in Ethiopia, farmers indicated a preference among consumers for white teff over darker colored varieties. 2018. Mideksa, A., M. Negeri, and T. Shiberu. , Svitashev, S. , Schwartz, C. , GordonKamm, W. and Tingey, S. (2009) Artificial chromosome formation in maize (Zea mays L.). Physiological and genetic control of transpiration efficiency in African rice, Continuous seasonal monitoring of nitrogen and water content in lettuce using a dual phenomics system, N-dependent dynamics of root growth and nitrate and ammonium uptake are altered by the bacterium, Combining canopy reflectance spectrometry and genome-wide prediction to increase response to selection for powdery mildew resistance in cultivated strawberry, Climate and genetic data enhancement using deep learning analytics to improve maize yield predictability, Receive exclusive offers and updates from Oxford Academic, Copyright 2022 Society for Experimental Biology. Clipboard, Search History, and several other advanced features are temporarily unavailable. A .mw-parser-output .frac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .frac .num,.mw-parser-output .frac .den{font-size:80%;line-height:0;vertical-align:super}.mw-parser-output .frac .den{vertical-align:sub}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}100-gram (3+12-ounce) reference serving of cooked teff provides 420 kilojoules (101 kilocalories) of food energy, is a rich source of protein, dietary fiber, and manganese, and contains moderate amounts of thiamin, phosphorus, iron, magnesium, and zinc (table). Abstract. Bookshelf Hyperspectral vegetation indices detect treatment effects earlier than their effects on plant transpiration. (a) Genomic sequence upstream of the ARGOS 8, Comparison of the ARGOS 8 expression in genomeedited variants and wildtype maize plants., MeSH (2016) Teff, Grain. URL: Heuz V., Thiollet H., Tran G., Lebas F., 2017. [citation needed], High-yielding varieties, such as Quencho, were widely adopted by farmers in Ethiopia. "[8], The major challenges in teff production are its low yield and high susceptibility to lodging. [17] Yet the increasing demand, rising by 710% per year, and the subsequent increase in exports is encouraging the country to speed up the modernization of agriculture and is also boosting research. Maize is a major cereal crop worldwide; however, the yields are frequently limited by drought, a major environmental stress that has increased globally due to climate change and erratic rainfall patterns (Gupta et al., 2020).Thus, a central goal of current breeding programs is to reduce the drought sensitivity of yield to ensure a sustainable food [13] Teff is believed to have originated in Ethiopia between 4000 BC and 1000BC. Ground reports suggest reasonably normal soyabean, cotton and groundnut crops. These results demonstrate the utility of the CRISPR-Cas9 system in generating novel allelic variation for breeding drought-tolerant crops. [8] It is one of the most important staple crops in these two countries, where it is used to make injera or Tayta. [20] As a nutritious fodder, teff is used to feed ruminants in Ethiopia and horses in the United States. This probably refers to its tiny seeds, which Evaluation of the dynamic response and genetic basis of rapeseed waterlogging tolerance in the field by the application of high-throughput UAV phenotyping platform. breeding applications) is to explain or predict phenotypes from the underlying genotypes under different environmental conditions ().Genotypic variation leads to differences in the biochemical makeup of cells, which in turn together with the environment Discover Science and History of GMOs and Other Food Modification Processes according to the Food and Drug Administration (FDA). Teff is inherent to Ethiopia's national culture and identity,[45] and the government of Ethiopia has expressed intent to hold Roosjen accountable to the fullest extent of international patent law, as well as to regain ownership over international markets of its most important food. Different phenotyping methods used in the Pannonian region to evaluate complex traits related to growth, yield, quality, and adaptation of crops to different environmental stresses are presented. Yields decrease when annual rainfall falls below 250mm and when the average temperature during pollination exceeds 22C. [10], Teff is mainly cultivated in Ethiopia and Eritrea, where it originates. Precise genomic DNA modification at the ARGOS8 locus was verified by PCR and sequencing. 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[12], The World Food Programme, a humanitarian organization, between 720 and 811 million people face hunger globally. , Deshpande, S. , Zhu, H. , Roe, B. , Young, N.D. et al (2008) Identification and characterization of nucleotidebinding siteleucinerich repeat genes in the model plant Medicago truncatula. This site needs JavaScript to work properly. URL: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Teff has a C4 photosynthesis mechanism. nova-Institute Renewable Carbon Strategies. 146, 521. , Somerville, C. and Kende, H. (1988) Insensitivity to ethylene conferred by a dominant mutation in Arabidopsis thaliana. [31] However, no considerable improvements concerning the susceptibility of lodging have been made, due mainly to low demand outside of Ethiopia and Eritrea. New Phytol., 186, 696707. The MSV work has been shown in glasshouse trials to give excellent protection and was the first transgenic crop developed in Africa, by Africans for an African problem. Heavy metal contamination of soil and water causing toxicity/stress has become one important constraint to crop productivity and quality. The name teff is thought to originate from the Amharic word teffa, which means "lost". [33][38], The increased use of the weed killer glyphosate (created by Monsanto) to kill the weeds that compete with crops can harm pollinating insects. [8] It is grown for its edible seeds and also for its straw to feed the cattle. [7] The plant height varies depending on the cultivation variety and the environmental conditions. [citation needed], Recommended fertilization doses are 2560kg/ha for N, and 1018kg/ha for P. Teff responds more to nitrogen than to phosphorus; thus, high nitrogen inputs increase the biomass production and size of the plants, thereby increasing lodging. Glyphosate Spurs No-Till Farming, Preserving Soil Carbon," geneticliteracyproject.org, May 5, 2017, Graham Brookes and Peter Barfoot, "Environmental Impacts of Genetically Modified (Gm) Crop Use 19962015: Impacts on Pesticide Use and Carbon Emissions," tandfonline.com, May 2, 2017, Grocery Manufacturers Association, "Grocery Manufacturers Association Position on GMOs," gmaonline.org, Sep. 23, 2013, Genetic Literacy Project, "Why Are There No Long-Term GMO Safety Studies or Studies on Humans?," gmo.geneticliteracyproject.org (accessed June 24, 2019), Consumer Reports, "GMO Foods: What You Need to Know Why Is There so Much Fuss over Genetically Modified Ingredients? 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Overexpression of ARGOS Genes Modifies Plant Sensitivity to Ethylene, Leading to Improved Drought Tolerance in Both Arabidopsis and Maize. Cuticular waxes cover the aerial surfaces of land plants and protect them from various environmental stresses. Should food labels include whether GMO plants have been included in the products? Those weeds choke crops on over 60 million acres of US croplands, and the solution being presented to farmers is to use more herbicides. 2014 Aug;12(6):685-93. doi: 10.1111/pbi.12172. To create a GMO plant, scientists follow these basic steps over several years: According to the Genetic Literacy Project, The most recent data from the International Service for the Acquisition of Agri-biotech Applications (ISAAA) shows that more than 18 million farmers in 29 countries, including 19 developing nations, planted over 190 million hectares (469.5 million acres) of GMO crops in 2019. The organization stated that a majority of European countries and Russia, among other countries, ban the crops. A third source of hope is the late-September rains, which are good for the wheat, mustard and other rabi crops. These and other foodgrain, oilseeds, sugarcane and cotton are also grown for meeting the fodder and feed needs of livestock and poultry. [16][17] Processed teff, namely injera, could still be exported and was mainly bought by the Ethiopian and Eritrean diaspora living in northern Europe, the Middle East and North America. Tef (Eragrostis tef) straw. Roosjen ended up suing a Dutch bakery company, Bakers, for patent infringement because they were selling teff baked goods. Functional phenomics can guide targeted breeding and precision agriculture to accelerate local adaptation to make Nordic farming more efficient and resilient, also within future climate scenarios. [6][8] In Ethiopia, teff provides two-thirds of the daily protein intake. ], ProCon.org, "GMOs Top 3 Pros and Cons,", ProCon.org, "GMOs Top 3 Pros and Cons. The enhancement of digital climate data is used to improve GE modeling performance and identify climate drivers of maize yield predictability. Its called artificial selection. [54], A single health risk associated with GMO consumption has not been discovered in over 30 years of lab testing and over 15 years of field research. 2019 Nov 7;1(1):58-73. doi: 10.1007/s42994-019-00009-7. Plant Physiol. A mild and transient drought treatment (drought priming) enhanced heat tolerance in tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.) [44] The deadline for Roosjen to appeal the decision expired in 2019, officially allowing Ethiopia access to Dutch teff markets. High-throughput phenotyping highlighted the importance of canopy architecture to fine-tune transpiration. The Dutch patent office declared that the patent was void, citing that the methods used to bake and mix flours were 'general professional knowledge. ProCon.org. Gebre, E., Gugsa, L., Schlter, U. Not for nothing, then, that a poor wheat crop this year has led to straw prices doubling, and more, to Rs 10-15 per kg. A field study showed that compared to the WT, the ARGOS8 variants increased grain yield by five bushels per acre under flowering stress conditions and had no yield loss under well-watered conditions. Sugar factories and rice mills, too, will begin operations with the harvesting of the new cane and paddy crops. Ruparao T. Gahukar, Gadi V. P. Reddy. When glyphosate is used near rivers, local wildlife is impacted, including a higher mortality rates among amphibians. High-throughput plant phenotyping can accelerate the development and characterization of new biostimulants. But it isnt only dry fodder. 22, 2020, Rudy Pacumbaba, "Understanding GMOs and Bioengineered Foods," aces.edu, June 3, 2020, USDA Agricultural Marketing Service, "List of Bioengineered Food," ams.usda.gov (accessed Jan. 10, 2022), Genetic Literacy Project, "Where Are GMO Crops and Animals Approved and Banned?," geneticliteracyproject.org (accessed Jan. 10, 2021), Jennifer Kahn, "Learning to Love G.M.O.s," nytimes.com, July 20, 2021, Melissa Waddell, "How Do GMOs Affect Biodiversity?," livingnongmo.org, Apr. [6][18] Teff is the main ingredient to prepare injera, a sourdough-risen flatbread. However, Roosjen's company Ancientgrains BV still maintains patent rights in Belgium, Germany, Britain, Austria and Italy. Teff seeds can stay viable several years if direct contact with humidity and sun is avoided. [10] [11], GM crops can even be engineered to reduce natural allergens and toxins, making them safer and healthier. Microsofts Activision Blizzard deal is key to the companys mobile gaming efforts. 2016, David S. Levin, "Op-Ed: GMOs Could Be the Solution to Africas Food Shortages," cnbcafrica.com, July 26, 2017, Jennifer Ackerman, "Food: How Altered?," nationalgeographic.com (accessed July 22, 2019), Genetic Literacy Project, "What Is Nutritionally Enhanced Golden Rice and Why Is It Controversial?," gmo.geneticliteracyproject.org (accessed July 22, 2019), World Health Organization (WHO), "Global Prevalence of Vitamin a Deficiency," who.int, 1995, Food Standards, "Approval Report Application A1138," foodstandards.gov.au, Dec. 20, 2017, Genetic Literacy Project, "Which Genetically Engineered Crops and Animals Are Approved in the US?," gmo.geneticliteracyproject.org (accessed July 22, 2019), United States Department of Agriculture Economic Research Service, "Recent Trends in GE Adoption," ers.usda.gov, July 16, 2018, Michael S. Koach, Janson M. Ward, Steven L. Levine, James A. Baum, et al., "The Food and Environmental Safety of BT Crops," ncbi.nlm.nih.gov, Apr. ProCon/Encyclopaedia Britannica, Inc. [5] Teff is a C4 plant,[4] which allows it to more efficiently fix carbon in drought and high temperatures, and is an intermediate between a tropical and temperate grass. (2003) Maize GOS2 Promoters. Nitrogen fertilization and time were the most important variables. This will reduce the need for giving costly feed and concentrates mainly when they are producing milk. The site is secure. Hence, unique QTLs could be identified for drought tolerance and could be used for breeding drought-tolerant rice varieties. 1.Should GMOs be grown and used in foods? The official wholesale price index for fodder in August was 25.5 per cent higher than a year ago. Scientists blame Roundup (the active ingredient of which is glyphosate) for a 90% decrease in the US monarch butterfly population. Consider how you felt about the issue before reading this article. [30] In 1996, the US National Research Council characterized teff as having the "potential to improve nutrition, boost food security, foster rural development and support sustainable landcare. 2014. Oxford University Press is a department of the University of Oxford. Shi J, Drummond BJ, Habben JE, Brugire N, Weers BP, Hakimi SM, Lafitte HR, Schussler JR, Mo H, Beatty M, Zastrow-Hayes G, O'Neill D. Plant J. In African rice, higher transpiration efficiency is associated with transpiration restriction that is itself controlled by rootshoot growth balance. [25] The seeds are easy to store, as they are resistant to most pests during storage. [33] In 2015, researchers tested 28 new teff varieties and identified three promising lines that generated yields of up to 4.7 tonnes per ha. Epub 2015 Jul 28. Copyright 2022 Elsevier B.V. or its licensors or contributors. The ARGOS8 variants had elevated levels of ARGOS8 transcripts relative to the native allele and these transcripts were detectable in all the tissues tested, which was the expected results using the GOS2 promoter. The .gov means its official. The tomato was genetically modified to increase its firmness and extend its shelf life. Ectopic expression of ARGOS8 reveals a role for ethylene in root-lodging resistance in maize. Fodder crop breeding both for yields and drought tolerance has not received adequate attention in India, which is perhaps a reflection of animal husbandry being relegated as a residual/subsidiary activity to regular agriculture. -. [24], Herbicide-tolerant (Ht) GMO soy crops have reduced the need to till the soil to remove weeds. Weeds are a huge problem for farmers they compete with cash crops for nutrients, water and light. HHS Vulnerability Disclosure, Help [18] It is not only important for human nutrition, but also as fodder for livestock, or as building material. Concurrently, machine learning has rapidly evolved and is now widely applied in science in general and in plant genotyping and phenotyping in particular. Mission Karmayogi: Reimagining the civil servant, Copyright 2022 The Indian Express [P] Ltd. All Rights Reserved, On fodder shortage, policy makers must look beyond the short term.

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