varicocele surgery cost without insurance

J Pediatr Surg. Histopathology subtype was a significant contributing factor when analyzed. A random-effects model was used to calculate the overall combined risk estimates. Therefore, health insurance allows you to save up on taxes and avail. Guidelines on male infertility from the American Urological Association (Schlegel, et al., 2020) state: "Surgical varicocelectomy should be considered in men attempting to conceive who have palpable varicocele(s), infertility, and abnormal semen parameters, except for azoospermic men. 2015;5(6):806-814. Males experiencing the following complications due to varicocele generally require surgery: Theres no one type of varicocele surgery. (Moderate Recommendation; Evidence Level: Grade B). The surgical indication was significant progressive asymmetry in testicular volume (n = 28), high grade varicocele (n = 41) as well as other reasons (n = 4). Links to various non-Aetna sites are provided for your convenience only. As there are so many health insurance plans on the market, its hard to give a definite answer as to if its covered or not, but from the looks of it, there is a good chance the insurance company may pay at least a portion of it. The authors concluded that there was insufficient evidence to explain the surgical treatment of varicocele could improve the natural fertility of the infertile couples, and there is still a need for more of prospective RCTs to verify the efficacy of varicocele surgery for treating of male infertility. In the drug group, however, sperm parameters did not significantly improve after treatment. Fertility problems: One of the most common symptoms will be fertility issues, according to multiple clinical studies. The varicocele resolved in 19 patients (91 %) with no evidence of hydrocele formation in any of the boys. This updated review included 48 RCTs that compared single and combined antioxidants with placebo, no treatment or another anti-oxidant in a population of 4,179 subfertile men. In: Campbell's Urology. OL OL OL LI { 90,000 to Rs. Swelling and intensifying pain around the scrotum. Methorst C, Akakpo W, Graziana JP, et al. The etiology may be a longer left spermatic vein with its right-angle insertion into the left renal vein and/or absence of valves, which results in a higher hydrostatic pressure in the left spermatic vein causing dilatation. Of 38 patients who underwent MDTESE, 14 (36 %) had sperm on their testis tissues, but 1 of them had no egg fertilization. Semen characteristics were re-evaluated twice 6 months after treatment. Normally, the cost of varicocele surgery is covered under insurance. size 2 for target vessels 5.5 to 8.5 mm in diameter. The significance of microsurgical varicocelectomy in the treatment of subclinical varicocele. Venbrux AC, Rudakov L, Plass A, et al. Microsurgery for Varicocele- Cost, Success Rate, & Recovery Time, What is the cost of Varicocele Surgery in Nashik. Ligation is performed at different levels: The advantage of the former is the lower invasiveness of the procedure, while the advantage of the latter is a considerably lower number of veins to be ligated and safety of the incidental division of the internal spermatic artery at the suprainguinal level. The average laparoscopic varicocelectomy cost is around Rs. 2016;44(5):985-993. (adsbygoogle=window.adsbygoogle||[]).push({}); Advertising Disclosure: This content may include referral links. Almost 50 % of the patients in each group had symptomatic varicocele. Embolization treatment resulted in2 recurrent varicoceles (4.8 %) compared to1 patient following laparoscopic repair (2.3 %, not significant). width: 100%; Avail No Cost EMI for surgical treatment of 50+ diseases. 2010;6(6):567-571. . Liao B, Liu J, Chen S, et al. In recent years, the effect of VC surgery on DNA fragmentation index has attracted the attention of researchers. Prog Urol. In a systematic review, Makris and colleagues (2018) evaluated the current evidence regarding the safety and effectiveness of the various embolic materials used in varicoceles embolization. Consult Now! The authors concluded that there is insufficient evidence to allow final conclusions because the quality of included studies was very low and further research is needed. The authors concluded that surgical treatment is the best option for management of subclinical varicocele. Patients in the 3 study groups were comparable for age, clinical indication and embolization side. Sivanathan C, Abernethy LJ. UpToDate [online serial]. BJU Int. The potential outcome will include improvement in SDF, oxidative stress markers (reactive oxygen species, nitric oxide, and lipid peroxidation products), sperm chromatin compaction, other advanced sperm function characteristics, follow-up of fertility results. Asian J Androl. Generally, there are three types of varicocele surgeries. Call us @ 7026-200-200 Medfin.in for Personal assistance. In such a scenario, having health insurance can be incredibly helpful. Nabi G, Asterlings S, Greene DR, Marsh RL. 1,500 to Rs. The number of spontaneous pregnancies in the 2 groups was 41 and 40, respectively. Meanwhile, SRR and live-birth rate were higher in these patients compared to NOA men without clinical varicocele. I went ahead with IVF and I was 100% out of pocket for that. J Pediatr Surg. Most of the men enrolled in these trials had low total sperm motility and sperm concentration. Kondoh N, Nagai J, Yamamoto S. Clinical outcome of microsurgical varicocelectomy done for pain. J Microsurgery versus laparoscopic surgery for varicocele: A meta-analysis and systematic review of randomized controlled trials. This meta-analysis included a total of 23 studies with 1,178 patients in the group with microsurgery and 1,069 patients in the group with laparoscopic surgery. Esteves SC, Miyaoka R, Roque M, Agarwal A. OL OL OL OL LI { Furthermore, UpToDate reviews on Approach to the male with infertility (Anawalt and Page, 2021a) and Treatments for male infertility (Anawalt and Page, 2021b) do not mention microsurgical varicocelectomy as a management / therapeutic option. Syst Biol Reprod Med. Your email address will not be published. J Pediatr Urol. Varicocele is a urological condition that involves the enlargement of the veins in the scrotum. What is the cost of Varicocele Surgery in Bhubaneswar? 60,000 to Rs. Next, once the veins are exposed, they are ligated to help increase the blood flow. Hum Reprod. Gat Y, Bachar GN, Everaert K, et al. For instance, grade 1 varicocele treatment cost is lower than grade 4 varicocele treatment due to the severity of the condition and additional time and effort required. With lower treatment complication rates in the interventional treatment group, coil embolization of the testicular vein offers treatment advantage compared with laparoscopic repair in patients with varicoceles. Bechara et al (2009) compared the treatment outcome of percutaneous embolization treatment versus laparoscopic varicocelectomy in patients with symptomatic varicoceles. Language services can be provided by calling the number on your member ID card. size 1 for target vessels ranging between 3.5 and 5.5 mm in diameter, and. Kuroiwa T, Hasuo K, Yasumori K, et al. The authors concluded that in the controversy over the treatment of varicocele,their experience showed a high degree of relapses after embolization. Embolization treatment was associated with a lower complication rate than laparoscopic repair (9.7 % versus 16.3 %, p = 0.03). Venbrux et al (2014) determined the safety and effectiveness of a new endoluminal occlusion device, ArtVentive endoluminal occlusion system (EOS), to occlude the spermatic vein in symptomatic males with varicoceles. 2012;110(10):1536-1542. Punekar SV, Prem AR, Ridhorkar VR, et al. 40,000 approx. Rivilla F, Casillas JG. J Int Med Res. The qualified studies only included RCTs. Medicine (Baltimore). Is Varicocele Surgery Covered by Insurance? Recurrence rates after treatment were also evaluated. These investigators searched PubMed and Embase databases for relevant articles. Acta Radiol. Patients who agreed to microsurgical varicocelectomy (n = 25, surgery group), medical treatment with L-carnitine (n = 93 drug group), and those who did not agree to any treatment (n = 25, observation group) were enrolled. Eyre RC. All these factors are accounted for before calculating varicocele treatment cost. Open non-microsurgical, laparoscopic or open microsurgical varicocelectomy for male infertility: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Appx. For all patients, routine semen analysis and DNA damage test of spermatozoa (by 2 methods of terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling and protamine damage assay) were performed at baseline and at 3 and 6 months post-operatively. How much does it cost to treat varicocele? } list-style-type : square !important; Jensen S, Ko EY. After screening 687 articles, 4 RCTs with 349 patients were included; 172 patients were addressed in embolization/ligation, with 177 patient's observation treatment. However, effectiveness of the ligation for painful varicocele is still controversial. A limitation of this review was that in a sense these researchers had included 2 different groups of trials, those that reported on the use of anti-oxidants and the effect on live birth and clinical pregnancy, and a second group that reported on sperm parameters as their primary outcome and had no intention of reporting the primary outcomes of this review. Treatments for male infertility. A systematic review was performed according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis guidelines. (meaning varicocele seen on ultrasound but without overt symptoms) or those with symptoms but normal sperm counts. UpToDate [online serial]. Urology. Varicocele and male infertility: AFU 2006 guidelines. In all cases varicocele disappeared at CDUS at 1 and 3 months with reflux abolition; 2 cases of small vein laceration were noted without sequelae, no other complication has been described. One of the 8 patients was single, and 1 had spontaneous pregnancy (1/7) 14 %, and 1 had a child by micro-injection (1/7) 14 %. In a prospective, non-masked, parallel-group randomized, controlled trial, Abdel-Meguid and colleagues (2011) examined if varicocele treatment is superior or inferior to no treatment in male infertility from an evidence-based perspective. 70,000 approx. The average sample size was 43 and average duration of follow-up was 10.5 months. In this setting, varicocele was often asymptomatic and recurrence after embolization could not be determined without ultrasound imaging. First, this was a retrospective review of a cohort from a single center, with some patients lost to follow-up. 2009;22(3):134-138. These researchers included randomized controlled trials (RCTs) comparing any type or dose of anti-oxidant supplement (single or combined) taken by the subfertile male partner of a couple seeking fertility assistance with a placebo, no treatment or another antioxidant. Normally, these veins dont cause any problems or symptoms. It is crucial to seek timely treatment from an expert vascular surgeon and undergo varicocele surgery at cost-effective prices. A total of 100 patients enrolled in this study and were randomly divided into 2 groups (50 patients in each group). These researchers analyzed the main outcomes through MD and relative risk (RR) along with 95 % CI. Percutaneous treatment of varicocele with microcoil embolization: Comparison of treatment outcome with laparoscopic varicocelectomy. Varicocele Embolization Embolization is considered a non-invasive treatment method for varicocele. Urol Clin North Am. Hospitalization cover: Health insurance generally covers most of your hospitalization expenses. 2018;50(8):e13070. Wang X, Chen T, Qiu J, et al. According to a forum thread on BabyCenter.com, for example, a forum member stated her husband was diagnosed withbilateral varicoceles, and according to his urologist, he said insurancemay cover one side but definitelynot the other, also noting her insurance policy will not cover anything that deals with infertility. 65,000. .fixedHeaderWrap { The results indicated that compared with the laparoscopic surgery group, the microsurgery group could significantly decrease the complication rate (RR: 0.40, 95 % CI: 0.21 to 0.75), as well as the hospital stay (weighed MD [WMD]: -0.53, 95 % CI: -0.85 to -0.21), increase the sperm concentration following the surgery (WMD: 3.00, 95 % CI: 1.23 to 4.76), and decrease the recurrence rate (RR: 0.35, 95 % CI: 0.22 to 0.55). Lukkarinen O, Hellstrom P, Leinonen S, Juntunen K. Is varicocele treatment useful? The authors concluded that these findings provided level 1b evidence of the superiority of varicocelectomy over observation in infertile men with palpable varicoceles and impaired semen quality, with increased odds of spontaneous pregnancy and improvements in semen characteristics within 1-year of follow-up. The authors stated that the results of this study must be validated in future prospective RCTs with longer follow-up times to determine whether the embolic material can affect outcome. top: 0px; This Clinical Policy Bulletin contains only a partial, general description of plan or program benefits and does not constitute a contract. Participants were randomly allocated to observation (the control arm [CA]) or subinguinal microsurgical varicocelectomy (the treatment arm [TA]). Cayan S, Orhan , Akbay E, Kadoglu A. Aetna does not provide health care services and, therefore, cannot guarantee any results or outcomes. The pain was classified into3 types: Microsurgical varicocelectomy was done with inguinal or subinguinal approach. For additional language assistance: Vascular embolization or occlusion, inclusive of all radiological supervision and interpretation, intraprocedural roadmapping, and imaging guidance necessary to complete the intervention; venous, other than hemorrhage (eg, congenital or acquired venous malformations, venous and capillary hemangiomas, varices, varicoceles), Excision of varicocele or ligation of spermatic veins for varicocele [not covered for subclinical varicocele], Laparoscopy, surgical, with ligation of spermatic veins for varicocele [not covered for subclinical varicocele], Azoospermia due to obstruction of efferent ducts, Azoospermia [excluding obstruction of efferent ducts]. This surgery, referred to aslaparoscopic surgery, is also performed under ageneral anesthesia in an outpatient setting. What Are The Different Types Of Varicocele Surgery? Cir Pediatr. Duration of scopy was shorter (p < 0.0001) and kerma was lower (p = 0.0087) in group 1 than in groups 2 and 3. All patients reported improvements either regarding symptoms and/or spermiographic parameters. Approach to the male with infertility. Hydrocele formation rates were lowest with microsurgical inguinal technique. from the reports we saw online from third-party sources, the expense for varicocele surgery can vary anywhere from just $3,000 to more than $8,000 with no insurance protection, however, these expenses might considerably increase if you were to need particular pre-operative tests and if you get different expenses from specialists who helped The study is a protocol for systematic review and meta-analysis without results, and data analysis will be performed after the protocol. from the reports we saw online from third-party sources, the cost for varicocele surgery can range anywhere from as little as $3,000 to more than $8,000 without any insurance coverage, but these costs could greatly increase if you were to need specific pre-operative tests and if you receive separate bills from professionals who helped during the The authorsconcluded that microsurgical varicocelectomy using the inguinal or subinguinal approach was an effective treatment modality for varicocele-associated pain. ", Last Review This is commonly referred to as an open surgery procedure. Zhonghua Nan Ke Xue. J Pediatr Urol. } Varicocele recurrence rates were lowest with microsurgical subinguinal technique. Prog Urol. The surgeon might suggest one of the following surgeries for your varicocele treatment: Microscopic Varicocele Surgery is the conventional, open surgery for varicocele which is still performed in several cases. } 2015;17(1):74-80. Mostly, varicocele causes very mild to no discomfort. Arnheim, The Netherlands: European Association of Urology; 2009. Abdel-Meguid TA, Al-Sayyad A, Tayib A, Farsi HM. 2002;13(7):739-742. A new occlusion device: Application of the ArtVentive endoluminal occlusion system (EOS) -- first in human clinical trial. Statistics have shown 10 percent of men who have had the surgical procedure see a reoccurrence and up to 15 percent of patients reported their pain didnt improve. The evidence was graded as 'very low' to 'low'. The recurrence rate at a mean follow-up of 24.4 months (range of 2 to 53 months) was significantly lower in group 1 than in the 2 other groups (p = 0.032). } Safety and effectiveness of the different types of embolic materials for the treatment of testicular varicoceles: A systematic review. Schlegel PN, Sigman M, Collura B, et al. Embolization (of spermatic veins) of varicoceles in males with semen abnormalities has been demonstrated to improve sperm count and motility in up to 75 % of patients, and reported pregnancy rates after ablation of varicoceles vary from 30 to 60 %. The primary review outcome was live birth; secondary outcomes included clinical pregnancy rates, adverse events, sperm DNA fragmentation, sperm motility and concentration. --> A total of 143 patients with a subclinical left-sided varicocele were included in this study. What is the cost of Varicocele Surgery in Dehradun? The cost ofvaricocele surgery will greatly depend on a variety of factors, including your geographical region, the surgeon performing your procedure, where the surgery is taking place, the inclusions in your bill and your health insurance policy, to name a few. Surgical complications were highest in the laparoscopic technique. French DB, Desai NR, Agarwal A. Varicocele repair: Does it still have a role in infertility treatment? No AEs were reported. In a systematic review and meta-analysis, Wang and Ji (2020) examined the overall safety and effectiveness of microsurgery versus laparoscopic surgery in the treatment of varicocele according to qualified RCTs. 1991;32(4):311-314. 40,000 to Rs. In both groups, the improvement in semen analysis parameters and DNA damage was observed, but there was not any statistically significant difference between the 2 groups in these parameters, although the slope of improvement in DNA damage was slightly better in group 2 (that was not statistically significant). @media print { Seo JT, Kim KT, Moon MH, Kim WT. Varicocele: Strategies in diagnosis and treatment. Paranjpe highschool, Pune, Maharashtra 411038, Location: Mettupalayam Rd, Near Fertilizer Company Bus Stop, Kuppakonam Pudur, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu 641043, Location: 5, Medavakkam Main Rd, Vaithiyalingam Nagar, Nanmangalam, Chennai, Tamil Nadu 600129, Location: Lokmanya Tilak Rd, beside Punjab & Sind Bank, Babhai Naka, Borivali West, Mumbai, Maharashtra 400092, All Content Copyright 2022. 80,000 approx. Even lifting, in some cases, can cause discomfort in the affected veins. Technical success in interventional and laparoscopic treatment was 95 % and 100 %, respectively. #closethis { These researchers did not deny the importance of this operation, they just wanted to call on everyone to strictly grasp the indications of the operation, avoid ineffective medical expenses, and avoid unnecessary pain to patients. But, you should note that surgeries performed to treat infertility issues caused by varicocele are not covered under insurance. Clinical significance of subclinical varicocelectomy in male infertility: Systematic review and meta-analysis. The malfunctioning vein is tied off and blood flow is rerouted through other healthy veins. The authors assessed the overall quality of the evidence for the main outcomes using GRADE methods. Treatment of male infertility. Guidelines on paediatric urology. The cost of ACL surgery varies widely across the country and from facility to facility. Pregnancy rates were highest with microsurgical subinguinal technique. As for recovery after the procedure, your doctor will ask that you refrain from any strenuous activity for the next two weeks and avoid sexual activity for up to four weeks. Doctors do warn that moderate pain may be felt after the procedure, but following post-operative guidelines can help lessen it, such as avoiding any heavy lifting, returning to work three to five days after the procedure and avoiding immersing the surgical site under water for a few weeks. The settlement happens between the hospital and the insurance company. All Rights Reserved. In a retrospective study, Favard and associates (2015) evaluated pain, radiation and recurrence rates in patients undergoing varicocele embolization with 3 different embolic materials. Guidelines on male infertility. The mean operative time or procedural time was 63 +/- 13 mins and 52 +/- 25 mins for interventional and laparoscopic cohorts (not significant), respectively. Urol Int. Medications and non-surgical treatment methods are not effective in managing varicocele symptoms. background: #5e9732; There are other factors that influence the overall cost of treatment. Quant Imaging Med Surg. The spermatic veins of all patients remained occluded on venography at 30 days follow-up. Baseline characteristics in both arms were comparable. Some of the tests commonly performed, from what we noticed, were included in the extra costs subheading above. Depending on the preference of your surgeon, however, he or she may use alaparoscope during the procedure as well, which helps the surgeon insert tubs as he or she uses a camera to locate the dysfunctional veins to help clip or tie of the veins. Report on varicocele and infertility: A committee opinion. Funding sources were stated by 15 trials; 4 of these trials stated that funding was from a commercial source and the remaining 11 obtained funding through non-commercial avenues or university grants; 33 trials did not report any funding sources. Yao H, Li F, Qiu X, et al. No differences were reported regarding the safety profile of the various embolic materials. No testicles were lost. Copyright Aetna Inc. All rights reserved. 2014;12:CD007411. Eur J Radiol Open. All facilities will bill in a different way, and based on our research, there could be additional tests you may need to prepare for, budgeting wise, as well as additional charges you will see, aside from the surgery, including: First, your doctor will first want to diagnose the issue to make sure thevaricocele is the culprit. Percutaneous varicocele occlusion: Long-term follow-up. Surgery or embolisation for varicocele in subfertile men. Duration of scopy, kinetic energy released per unit mass (kerma) and dose area product (DAP) were assessed as radiation parameters during embolization procedures. Insurance Coverage For Varicocele Surgery. .strikeThrough { From the reports we saw online from third-party sources, the cost forvaricocele surgery can range anywhere from as little as $3,000 to more than $8,000 without any insurance coverage, but these costs could greatly increase if you were to need specific pre-operative testsandif you receive separatebills from professionals who helped during the surgical procedure. Electronic databases including English databases (PubMed, Medline, Embase, Web of Science, Cochrane Library) and Chinese databases (China National Knowledge Infrastructure, China Biology Medicine Database, Wanfang Database, VIP Database) will be searched from their inception to December 2020 to recognize related studies. It involves using small coils that are inserted in the vein through the groin region to block the veins that are causing varicocele. Asian J Androl. Leaving varicocele untreated is not advisable. 2012;58(5):274-27. The authors stated that this study had several limitations. In group 1, standard inguinal varicocelectomy and, in group 2, standard inguinal varicocelectomy plus oral anti-oxidant therapy (oral L-carnitine, 250 mg 3 times a day) were performed for 6 months. Polito and colleagues (2004) stated that the impact of varicocele on male infertility is still controversial since its role on the impairment of semen quality has never been fully demonstrated. The cost of unilateral varicocelectomy is around Rs. The doctor asks the patient to take a deep breath and hold it similarly to the pressure exerted during bowel movements. Does L-carnitine therapy add any extra benefit to standard inguinal varicocelectomy in terms of deoxyribonucleic acid damage or sperm quality factor indices: A randomized study. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. This technique involves using a laparoscope to get clear images of the blood vessels inside the scrotum. Of the remaining 13 patients, 3 had live childbirth (3/13) 23 %. Moreover, the incidence of varicocele in men with impaired fertility is about 30 %; varicoceles are the most common surgically correctable cause of male infertility. On average, varicocele surgery costs about Rs. Select StateAlaskaAlabamaArkansasArizonaCaliforniaColoradoConnecticutDistrict of ColumbiaDelawareFloridaGeorgiaHawaiiIowaIdahoIllinoisIndianaKansasKentuckyLouisianaMassachusettsMarylandMaineMichiganMinnesotaMissouriMississippiMontanaNorth CarolinaNorth DakotaNebraskaNew HampshireNew JerseyNew MexicoNevadaNew YorkOhioOklahomaOregonPennsylvaniaPuerto RicoRhode IslandSouth CarolinaSouth DakotaTennesseeTexasUtahVirginiaVermontWashingtonWisconsinWest VirginiaWyoming. Varicocele laparoscopic surgery is a minimally invasive varicocele treatment procedure that ensures minimal incisions, blood loss, and discomfort. In a Cochrane review, Showell and colleagues (2014) evaluated the safety and effectiveness of oral supplementation with anti-oxidants for subfertile male partners in couples seeking fertility assistance. Systematic review of treatment methods for recurrent varicoceles to compare post-treatment sperm parameters, pregnancy and complication rates. They stated that further research is needed to elucidate the cost-effectiveness of these approaches. Key factors include-. Around 10% to 20% of men diagnosed with varicocele experience fertility problems. These investigatorsdiscussed improvements of varicocelectomy techniques in the last 15 years and their impact on results of surgery. In a systematic review, Jensen and Ko (2021) examined the available evidence and identified factors associated with successful outcomes following varicocele repair (VR) in the setting of NOA. Furthermore, the EAU's guidelines on male infertility (Dohle et al, 2010) stated that several treatments are available for varicocele, and that the type of intervention chosen depends mainly on the therapists experience. } . Urol J. Married men 20 to 39 years of age who had experienced infertility greater than or equal to 1 year, had palpable varicoceles, and with at least1 impaired semen parameter (e.g., sperm concentration less than 20 million/ml, progressive motility less than 50 %, or normal morphology less than 30 %) were eligible. The key advantage of this technique was the adoption of a standardized protocol, which remained one of the main problems in gaining scientific evidence in case of coil or sclerosant embolization (type and number of coils, amount of sclerosant agent, etc.). After an average of 12 months of f/u, the addition of sclerosants (n = 1,628) as an adjunct to coils did not improve recurrence rates (8.44 %, 5.1 to 16.5 %; SD: 3.4). Moreover, lymphatic-sparing varicocelectomy is preferred to prevent hydrocele formation and testicular hypertrophy development and to achieve a better testicular function according to the luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone stimulation test. Some of the more advanced procedures include Varithena foam injection, which may range from $2000 to $3000 and a ClosureFast Radiofrequency Ablation (RFA), which may cost $3000 to $5000. Alternative medicine: Many health insurance providers, such as Ayurveda & Homeopathy, cover alternative medicine. Oh I didn't read your second paragraph well. Your choice of facility can be the biggest factor in the cost of your ACL surgery.The cost of varicocele treatment in Patna starts at Rs 30,000. A total of 16 studies were included. In a systematic review and meta-analysis, Kim and colleagues (2015) noted that recent meta-analysis by the Cochrane collaboration concluded that treatment of varicocele may improve an infertile couple's chance of pregnancy. Selective spermatic venography and varicocele embolization in men with circumaortic left renal veins. Arab J Urol. Waltham, MA: UpToDate;reviewed February 2014. Regarding cost analysis, no significant difference in hospital cost was noted between the interventional or laparoscopic treatment strategies.

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