sleep paralysis and childhood trauma

Two reviewers (SK and BG) conducted an abstract screen for all three databases separately. [33] found a stronger association between ACEs and subjective sleep quality among men ( for ACE and gender interaction term = 0.52, p = 0.023). The 2011 national survey reported that 13.7% of children had experienced maltreatment, 8.0% had experienced emotional abuse, and 3.7% had experienced physical abuse in the year prior to survey [5]. Sleep disorders are highly prevalent health concerns, estimated to affect 50 to 70 million Americans, and have cumulative effects over time [15]. Evidence emerging from clinical epidemiologic studies adopting more rigorous study designs and analytical approaches will allow for improved understandings of the relationship between ACEs and sleep disorders in adulthood; and will facilitate the identification of treatment approaches to mitigate the burden of sleep disorders among survivors of childhood adversity. Psychological trauma: theory, research, practice and policy, 8(2), 233240. The epidemiology of trauma, PTSD, and other posttrauma disorders. [17] Possible explanations for the onset of SP in an adolescent can be attributed to identity conflicts from peer influence, resulting in the depression and anxiety associated with the developmental phase. Although experts are still working to understand the implications of the changes observed in sleep architecture after trauma, rapid eye movement (REM) sleep appears to be the stage most affected. Psychophysiological insomnia: the behavioural model and a neurocognitive perspective. Additionally, there is evidence that patients with sleep disorders and a history of ACEs require different treatment than those without a history of ACEs. Elevated CRH, and subsequently hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis hyperactivity, is associated with diminished sleep [61, 62]. Longitudinal studies of mediators of ACEs-sleep disorders associations are needed. revictimization and suicide) as a result of physical and emotional abuse [5, 12, 13, 24]. (2014). Be patient with yourself and try to have realistic expectations about the time it will take for your body to heal. Sleep paralysis: Night-mares, nocebos, and the mind-body connection, by Shelley R. Adler. Gender differences in the association of adult hopelessness with adverse childhood experiences. However, mounting evidence suggests that ACEs and sleep disorders are associated regardless of mental health status [21, 23, 42, 52, 53]. In addition to atonia, people often have hallucinations during episodes of sleep paralysis. You may switch to Article in classic view. Insomnia is one of the most common sleep issues related to trauma and resolves on its own in the majority of trauma survivors. Hinton DE, Pich V, Chhean D, Pollack MH. Ramsawh HJ, Ancoli-Israel S, Sullivan SG, Hitchcock CA, Stein MB. The approach depends on the beliefs of the individual as to the cause of SP. Abrams MP, Mulligan AD, Carleton RN, Asmundson GJ. The superior parietal lobule is responsible for human visual/functional imaging based on various sensory stimulations. For instance, Themison of Laodicea (1st-century BC) described SP nightmare to be associated with the supernatural being called Incubus. Furthermore, a Greek physician Galen assumed SP was in connection with gastric disturbances. Adverse childhood experiences are associated with adult sleep disorders: a systematic review. Another reason for the importance of understanding this association among women is that women are at risk for unique sequelae involving both ACEs and sleep disorders. Grief is a commonly reported trigger and grief is a trauma.". I could see a scary child in my room and tried screaming/talking myself awake, moving my arms and opening my eyes but nothing worked and my eyes felt glued shut. Effects of Sleep after Experimental Trauma on Intrusive Emotional Memories. [9] Likewise, there are supporting evidence of the association between SP, bipolar disorder, and schizophrenia. Insomnia and night-time restlessness associated with PTSD are well known. The only sleep outcome found to be correlated with veterans history of child trauma was REM fragmentation (r = 0.36, p = 0.005). [77] also evaluated the efficacy of imagery rehearsal therapy in a sample of incarcerated adolescent girls who had experienced childhood sexual abuse and found generally similar results. It could occur in healthy individuals as isolated SP. Amygdaloid complexes according to research have shown to process memory, decision-making, and emotional reactions. A 1999 retrospective study of 138 Canadian women is the only study, to our knowledge, that examined racial/ethnic differences in the association between ACEs and sleep disturbances using a sample of Native Canadian and White Canadian women [50]. Trauma is an experience that has lasting, negative effects on an individuals well-being and ability to function. A convergence of evidence from neurobiology and epidemiology. Heim C, Newport DJ, Heit S, Graham YP, Wilcox M, Bonsall R, et al. [46] Based on several kinds of literature, Isolated SP has not been associated with any form of long-term effect on the sufferer. Abrams et al. Investigators have shown that insomniacs have increased EEG activity [41, 71, 72]. So, while resilience may not impact the development of sleep disorders as a result of childhood abuse, it may play a role in recovery and coping. A total of 887 articles were identified through the electronic database search (87 from MEDLINE, 518 from Embase, and 282 from Web of Science). Jalal B, Taylor CT, Hinton D. A comparison of self-report and interview methods for assessing sleep paralysis: A pilot investigation in Denmark and the United States. Reported symptomatology of native Canadian and Caucasian females sexually abused in childhood -A comparison. Chambers E, Belicki K. Using sleep dysfunction to explore the nature of resilience in adult survivors of childhood abuse or trauma. I was heartbroken. Prevalence and correlates of insomnia in a Polish sample of alcohol-dependent patients. Some people may also feel pressure or a sense of choking. These internal links are intended to improve ease of navigation across the site, and are never used as original sources for scientific data or information. This article has been corrected. Dong M, Giles WH, Felitti VJ, Dube SR, Williams JE, Chapman DP, et al. An additional mechanism to explain the association between ACEs and adult sleep is a strictly social mechanism. The re-experience of that night and the memory loss all play into Post Traumatic Stress Disorder- something that I had not been officially diagnosed with up until this point. A search of the reference lists of eligible articles was then conducted to identify any missed articles. Sleep paralysis is categorized as a type of parasomnia. Another proposed mechanism of this association is increased neuron activity in the brain as measured by electroencephalography (EEG), particularly in patients with insomnia. This disparity could be due to different definitions of SP, thereby influencing the results [Table 1]. These associations were corroborated by the two prospective studies published to date. The Relationship Between Childhood Trauma and Poor Sleep Health in Adulthood. [33,34], The parietal lobe functions in sensation and perception and integrating sensory inputs to the visual system. Adverse childhood experiences and sleep disturbances in adults. Sher L. The concept of post-traumatic mood disorder and its implications for adolescent suicidal behavior. Pigeon WR, May PE, Perlis ML, Ward EA, Lu N, Talbot NL. Coping with traumatic events. Ive met with multiple doctors and many sleep experts to try and escape it (one of whom suggested Prozac, which has the side effect ofinsomnia). Why Is Everyone Feeling So Stuck Right Now. Additionally, an accumulating body of epidemiologic evidence has identified sleep as a common mediator of many of the associations between ACEs and the aforementioned health outcomes. Trauma can also affect sleep architecture, which means that it can change how the body moves through sleep cycles and stages. [11] Moreover, studies have shown that SP is particularly prevalent in adults who have the past histories of childhood sexual abuse (CSA), people with PTSD and panic disorder in the African-American society. PTSD is accompanied by a heightened state of anxiety and a re-experiencing and rumination of the traumatic event. Future research should investigate this hypothesis because of differences in the burden of childhood abuse among different racial/ethnic groups [50]. [42] found that a history of abuse and neglect explained a moderate amount of the variance in actigraphically assessed sleep onset latency (39%), sleep efficiency (37%), number of bodily movements (40%) and moving time (36%) in their study population. Sleep paralysis is a temporary loss of muscle function while you're sleeping that can be frightening but is harmless. It can affect a broad range of people, including those with post-traumatic stress disorder. [28] reported a similar association between physical abuse and subjective sleep disturbances. Hence, there is SP. Nightmare frequency, nightmare distress, and psychopathology in female victims of childhood maltreatment. Psychosomatic medicine, 80(2), 200207. Because of the high burden of victimization and the potential for revictimization among girls and women, we place particular emphasis on summarizing the influences of childhood adversity and sleep disorders among women. Breslau N. (2009). Impact of childhood parental abuse and neglect on sleep problems in old age. Sleep disturbances and childhood sexual abuse. already built in. Development of additional treatment options may be necessary. A few years ago, however, I started realising that sleep paralysis wasnt happening at random and picked up on patterns around when the condition would hit me. [9], Many factors are related to the cause of SP; some cultural beliefs state supernatural to account for the hallucinated intruder. Because ACEs affect the majority of American children, it is gravely important to understand the burdens associated with these early-life events. Three months later my ex-boyfriend, with whom I was still extremely close, died suddenly in his sleep. These descriptions can be viewed as either cultural-based or medical-based. [30] However, Awadalla et al. 2014 had been a bad year. [35] found statistically significant associations between number of childhood adversities and subjective sleep quality. mentioned that 30% to 50% of individuals with narcolepsy have SP. During REM [Rapid Eye Movement] sleep your body is paralysed to stop you acting out your dreams and to carry out essential. [32] A serious condition where we start to wake up mentally and become aware while still under REM paralysis is termed SP. This heterogeneity in definition of ACEs or the small samples of participants studied (N=63 and N=48, respectively) might have contributed to the null findings observed in these two studies. Childhood sexual abuse was the most common type of ACE investigated and self-reported sleep disturbances were the most common sleep-related outcomes studied. During these transitions, you may be unable to move or speak for a few seconds up to a few minutes. Effect of sleep deprivation on the human metabolome. [31,43], The rate of isolated SP has been shown to be high in individuals with anxiety. Delayed reactions may include depression, fatigue, nightmares, and even the development of sleep disorders. As a service to our customers we are providing this early version of the manuscript. I've had sleep paralysis twice before but . Payne, J. D., & Nadel, L. (2004). Description of sleep paralysis in the Brothers Karamazov by Dostoevsky. Our editors and medical experts rigorously evaluate every article and guide to ensure the information is factual, up-to-date, and free of bias. We conducted a systematic review to summarize the evidence concerning the relationship between ACEs and sleep disorders and disturbances, with a focus on adult women. Some also suggest having a person in the room whom they trust that can rescue them. Many people have difficulty falling asleep, wake up more often during the night, and have trouble falling back asleep after a traumatic event. Other studies have assessed the relationship between ACEs and adult sleep disturbances [21, 28-30, 32]. With regards to sexual abuse, 5.6% of children had been sexually victimized in the last year while 2.2% had been sexually assaulted. Reaching out to professional for cognitive behavioral therapy, support groups, and discussing medication options is a major step. [3], Earlier researchers have described SP as nightmares since it ranges from seconds to a few minutes and involves episodes of vivid hallucinations and feelings of suffocation or chest pressure. In addition to nightmare frequency, physical abuse and sexual abuse were statistically significantly associated with difficulty falling asleep, fear of sleeping, and trouble sleeping compared with no abuse [27]. [30] identified statistically significant associations for trouble falling/staying asleep and feeling tired after a good night's sleep with eight categories of ACEs: emotional abuse, witnessing domestic violence, household substance abuse, household mental illness, parental separation/divorce, and household member imprisonment. ", Graphic designer Sarah*, 42, says that after her mother died she was pushing her grief to one side while she dealt with arrangements for her funeral, as well as taking care of her family. Of note, of all the objectively measured sleep outcomes assessed, only one time to REM sleep was statistically significant when the investigators compared women with a history of childhood trauma and those without such a history [48]. Vaidya notes that following these tips can also help prevent sleep paralysis: therapy trauma counseling yoga and breathing exercises to reclaim this sense of agency over your body If you have a. At 3-month follow-up, participants who received imagery rehearsal therapy had significantly greater improvements than control participants in the following measures: nights per week with nightmares (Cohen d = 1.2 vs. 0.1), nightmares per week (Cohen d = 1.0 vs. 0.1), PSQI scores (Cohen d = 0.8 vs. 0.3), and PTSD symptoms (Cohen d = 1.1 vs. 0.3) [76]. She enjoys long walks along the Mississippi River and black coffee. Stress load not significantly associated with subjective measures, 304 Polish adults with alcohol dependence, Childhood sexual or physical abuse (binary), Childhood sexual or physical abuse was significantly associated with insomnia (OR=2.4). When you feel as if you cant breathe that seems like forever. International Journal of Applied and Basic Medical Research. If the patient suffers from isolated SP, individuals should be made aware of the symptoms and equally educated that isolated SP is harmless to the sufferer after the episode. The 30 articles that met the inclusion criteria are listed in Table 1 along with their study characteristics and a brief summary of major research findings. My friend advised me to seek help for my internalised grief and trauma, and I underwent EMDR therapy (eye movement desensitization and reprocessing, a psychotherapy treatment designed to alleviate the distress associated with traumatic memories), which allowed me to address my experiences. of body movements (38.8 v. 12.8), and greater proportion of sleep time spent moving (23.3 v. 12.7). In an interview with the Trauma and Mental Health Report, Alison (name changed), explained that she experienced sleep paralysis during childhood, then again in early adolescence, and only a few . Identifying and treating sleep disorders in patients with a history of ACEs may prevent these additional health outcomes. These includes as follows: SP has been reported according to some researchers to be connected to some CSA, which is often accompanied with frightening episodes of visual, tactile, and auditory hallucinations. Fukuda K, Ogilvie RD, Takeuchi T. Recognition of sleep paralysis among normal adults in Canada and in Japan. Available evidence indicates the need to develop treatment strategies such as trauma-informed care for survivors of abuse who are suffering from sleep disorders and disturbances. If you or someone you know is in crisis, the National Suicide Prevention Lifeline provides 24/7, free and confidential support, both online and over the phone. Shakeri J, Karimi K, Farnia V, Golshani S, Alikhani M. Prevalence of metabolic syndrome in patients with schizophrenia referred to farabi hospital, Kermanshah, Iran. I told her that my friends had discovered me as they were leaving the party that night- luckily for me that had seen my legs sticking out from the side of the path before they ran over me. Chambers et al. (2018, October 11). Thus, it is important to sensitize the public on what SP is and how it should be approached. Greenfield EA, Lee C, Friedman EL, Springer KW. Sleep as a mediator in the pathway from violence-induced traumatic stress to poorer health and functioning: a review of the literature and proposed conceptual model. The same may be true for all adults with a history of any ACEs. The lack of prospective data makes it difficult to clearly elucidate the temporal relationship between adverse experiences and the occurrence of sleep disorders. Because I wasnt sleeping properly at night, I would often find myself exhausted during the day. Childhood abuse or neglect is associated with increased vasomotor symptom reporting among midlife women. Hope agrees that therapy is "instrumental" in helping to reduce occurrences. Odds increased with increasing no. The effect of interpersonal psychotherapy for depression on insomnia symptoms in a cohort of women with sexual abuse histories. Otto MW, Simon NM, Powers M, Hinton D, Zalta AK, Pollack MH, et al. "I was scared. However, the current knowledge on SP is somewhat limited as there is still a paucity of reports on the risk factors of SP, triggers for SP, and the long-term damage from SP. Episodes of SP could be accompanied by hallucinations and 70% of Czech students have reported this experience. After controlling for age, gender, and recent stressful life events, the aOR of self-reported poor sleep quality comparing 1-2 adversities with 0 adversities was 1.9 (95% CI = 1.6-2.3) and comparing 3-6 childhood adversities with 0 adversities was 3.5 (95% CI = 2.7-4.4). This review aims to medically describe SP and how it is interpreted and managed among various cultural groups. The emotional brain, fear, and the amygdala. Flickinger is the lead Book Manager with Gravity Imprint of Booktrope Publishing,bringing stories of trauma and recovery (fiction and nonfiction) to life. On balance, there is a dearth of research concerning the influence of childhood adversity and sleep outcomes (measured subjectively or objectively), among adult women. Molholm S, Sehatpour P, Mehta AD, Shpaner M, Gomez-Ramirez M, Ortigue S, et al. Rosen JB, Schulkin J. People with this condition may avoid external reminders (people, places, activities) and internal memories, thoughts, or feelings surrounding the event. In the immediate aftermath my nightmares were vivid and intense. Alertness and hyperarousal related to the effects of the bodys stress response often contribute to the symptoms of insomnia. Larkin M. Sleep paralysis linked to anxiolytic use. Kelly U. After removing duplicates, 54 unique articles remained and underwent a full-text screen by the two reviewers. [27], Studies have shown that SP may be more common in certain populations, certain ethnic and cultural group. (2019). Rates and characteristics of sleep paralysis in the general population of Denmark and Egypt. Generating an ePub file may take a long time, please be patient. "Once you have found something that works, stick to it religiously. The victim is left feeling trapped, not able to move or speak upon falling asleep or upon awakening, however, the individual can breathe and is properly aware of his surroundings. (2015). However, because previous studies on this topic have used sex and gender interchangeably, we cannot be certain that differences in this association are exclusively attributable to either sex or gender. [31] Individuals who had CSA based their conclusion of SP to be nightmare with symptoms of depression. Hairston IS, Waxler E, Seng JS, Fezzey AG, Rosenblum KL, Muzik M. The role of infant sleep in intergenerational transmission of trauma. Its called sleep paralysis. [35] found a stronger association between ACEs and subjective sleep quality among women than men when controlling for work status and health behaviors. Elevated CRH increases brain activity during sleep; however, the evidence surrounding which EEG frequency band it affects is ambiguous [61]. After consulting several experts, I learned the importance of sticking to a regular bedtime, as well as the profound effects of screen time, caffeine and alcohol on your quality of sleep. [27], African-Americans attribute SP to a variable number of factors, which includes visiting by a ghost or an evil spirit. U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs (2020, July 20). Thus, it is unclear whether or not elevated CRH explains the association between ACEs and poorer sleep. The hyperarousal model of insomnia: a review of the concept and its evidence. of REM periods, REM fragmentation, REM latency, delta EEG in REM, beta EEG in REM, No significant associations, except with increased REM fragmentation (df=57, r=0.36, p=0.005), Childhood sexual assault and sleep difficulty were strongly correlated (r=0.349), Divorce or separation of the parents, long-term financial difficulties in the family, serious conflicts in the family, frequent fear of a family member, severe illness of a family member, alcohol problem of a family member (categorical by number of adversities), Age, gender; work status; psychotropic drugs; health behavior; recent life events; child-parent relationships, Significant graded association between childhood adversities and sleep quality: OR for 1-2 adversities v. 0 = 1.9 and OR for 3-6 adversities v. 0 = 3.6, Childhood sexual abuse (repressed, recovered, continuous, none), Women with repressed, recovered, or continuous memories of childhood sexual abuse reported sleep paralysis more frequently than women with no abuse history (44%, 43%, 47%, and 13%, respectively), Childhood sexual abuse was significantly associated with sleep disturbances ( = 0.24, p < 0.05), Parental physical abuse, emotional abuse, and neglect (binary), Age, sex, race, education, marital status, self-rated health, parental death before age 17, parental divorce before age 17, Emotional abuse was significantly associated with sleep complaints (=0.11), but physical abuse and neglect were not (=0.04 and 0.07, respectively), CTQ total score was significantly associated with a PSQI score 5 (38.2 v. 32.9), Childhood stress load in five domains: health, family, friendships/relationships, education, and others (continuous), Subjective: sleep quality, restorative value of sleep, psychosomatic symptoms during sleep; Actigraphic: total sleep time, sleep onset latency, sleep efficiency, no.

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